PH7019 Leadership and Health Policy Development

Female Genital Mutilation Risk and Safeguarding

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Introduction

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a painful factor, with the non-medical or procedures that is undertaken on girls, with young women which can lead to harming the health at a long term standards. The forming of abuse of children with the illegal standards in UK, with the estimation over 60,000 young women. It is about the risks with FGM in England and Wales. It comes under the standards with 137,000 with the women and girls who are living under consequences of FGM. The young women might be taken to other country which can lead to mutilation during the summers. The young women might be abused also in UK, with procedures that is carried out through handling not only medical standards but also work on training standards. The responsibilities include the risks of FGM, with notifying children’s social care immediately, with Serious Crime Act 2015 amending on the FGM Act 2003. It includes the standards of the mandatory duty approaches with the FGM that works on different standards with handling the new born with childhood, and then there are adolescence which is set just before marriage, or at the time of pregnancy. FGM is not only for the personal preference with the child abuse with the violence that are related to different standards which is against the women and girls. The NHS organization includes the working with localized safeguard protocols or procedures to help children and young people to handle risks or abuse. It includes agencies with the different policies which is set through Local Safeguard Children Board. if the organization is not done, there is a need to review the handling cases with FGM aligning to potential risks identified. The policies and procedures include consideration of shared information with multi-agency partners through childhood of girl. The risks are about facing the girl changes with identifying or considering about not only the safeguarding actions, as needed. The “racist” or “discriminatory” brand which includes not only weaken the protection of professional standards, with obliging on providing with protecting over the vulnerability of girls and women. FGM includes the form of child abuse, that includes the obligations at the statutory with protocols on safeguarding on Work Together for Safeguarding Children 2015. The protection of girls or women, with the risks of FGM, with the registered professionals in health and social care that is set on statutory duty with cases that relate to non-emergency number of 101.

Background

The specific consideration includes the putting of safeguard measures against FGM with potential risks to girl born in UK with being identified at birth and then this is through child delivery as well (Lisa, 2022). NHS professionals includes work on th working over the childhood with identifying over leads to safeguard measures which is adapted under the place of more than 15 years over childhood of girls. There are major timescales with profiles compared on the form of harm which s majorly against on safeguard framework that provides protection. The difference in approach includes policies and procedures with considering on potential risks, with girls being involved for practicing over community. The professionals need to focus on the alert with groups identified and being at risks of FGM.

As per the leadership style, there are potential safeguard on the recognition and then there are different responses against FGM. The courses of action includes input which invovles the agencies that share over information. It is about the agreed procedures that helps in setting the safeguarding effectively. FGM policies and procedures take into account with shared information comes from:

FGM Mandatory reporting duty includes the report with girls under 18 disclosure on FGM with professional report that is to be made for police through 101 non-emergency number.

Risk Indicator System includes part of wider safeguard process that involves the wider safeguard processes. It includes the system display on indicator with child Summer Care Record Application to follow risks assessment for professional of healthcare.

FGM Enhanced Dataset includes acute or the trust with mental health, with GP practices that tend to collate with the submission of information as per the Health and Socal Care. It is set on standards with sharing different profession and sectors are for supporting safeguard (Palm et al., 2022).

With this, there are active safeguard cases that are set over FGM in England, with discussing over the stakeholders on supporting and viewing on safeguard responses or considering the individual circumstances. The major information is set for shared standards with the practices or the agencies that is set for the risks of FGM which is in relation for discussing and set over the hold over family members (Evans, 2020).

Policy

The policy can describe on different ways with the basic level on the government implementing change of society. The methods include the relation on the different range with the option, that relates to availability on selection of what one needs to do. The policy documentation involves the supportive permission with the executive power on proving a proper policy with current existence as well. The policy is set for deliberate endeavour along with processing the changes or specifying circumstances under different range of options. The policy are in different variety of ways which is set for the government implementing changes in society (Karlsen et al., 2020). There are policy documents with incorporating the permission and supporting executive power of project for proving that the policy is genuine. The addition is about the deliberate endeavour of police makers for acting in response for an action. The policy is the series of processes with the key framework of setting agenda, policy development, implementation process or evaluation. The public policy is about the viewing through lens of arbitral hearings rather than the lens of enforcement (Dawson et al., 2022). The policy development includes decisions about what is to be done in an effective and cost-effective manner, with the useful approach of policy formulation. The policy evaluation, contents, execution and analysis makes use of the assessment practices and methods. The validity includes usefulness and efficiency through process of evaluation with the setting of forms for helpful information to handle content, implementation and impact. The few analytical tools are the Davies Provenance, PEST Tools and the Walts or Gilson analysis too. The Davies Provenance would be for the analysis of primary leadership that surrounds FGM in UK.

Primary Purpose

The reference is about Multi-Agency Statutory Guidance on FGM and the consideration could be for safeguarding girls too. The introduction is on recording of data and collection of NHS with the submission of data in respect that requires report to be made for police under all cases of FGM. The Children Social Services and national policy that are related to it includes:

The children adults or vulnerable approaches is for the children under age of 18, with the disclosure for regulated professionals with observing reproti to police through use of 101. The holding of risks is for FGM with response to existing safeguard process with protecting adults at vulnerable level. If the adult discloses on the child that has FGM with the following of local safeguard process, that refers on police or social services. After all referrals, there are safeguarding of multi-agency response includes referral to a service, with confirming the girl for FGM. If you suspect a child, with the FGM that is at a serious or imminent risks that is considered for family history or the relevant factors (Evans et al., 2019). The Services of Local Children with Multi-Agency Safeguard Hub includes the localized standards in an effective manner. Additionally, when there are patients to identify at risks of FGM, with information that is shared with GP and the health visitors which is a major part of actions under safeguarding. The identification is about the family history or details that is meant to be at risk of FGM. Through the use of Kotter Model (Kotter, 1996), it is seen that there is a major concentration over the sense of urgency to make all the adjustments. The analysis is about understanding the priorities with political leaders being able to communicate effectively through cost-effectiveness and proper socio-economic outcomes with integration of other programs too. The links are majorly relevant to the professionals who followed the health services around, along with sharing information which is for safeguarding against the forms of abuse (Home et al., 2020).

The guidance is about FGM with the amendments that includes Serious Crime Act 2015, with the capturing over the mutilation of the female too. It includes Act 2003 with the person being guilty and the offence related to excise with the infibulating over the mutilation of entire necessary operations. The framework includes the tackling of FGM with the handling of mandatory reporting with measures through section 5B of 2003 Act which needs a regulation of health and social care professionals. The investigation is about not only handling the underage 18 with undergoing Children Social Care and Police. The extra-territorial jurisdiction includes the commitment of abroad by nationals of UK and then there is a long anonymity for the victims too (NJue et al., 2019).

The existing risks assessments and framework are the tools that are for determining the use of NHS services with team reviewing documents and compiling the draft framework which aims for capturing on potential risks and removing any of duplicated forms of risks factors. The team approached the forms for full range of risks factors and then there are identification to contact points with women and girls where the major potential for the risks is identified. The consideration is for the FGM Prevention Programme which is in accordance to documenting the early adopters with guidance to determine the RIS indicators with respect to children. The links are for local safeguard procedures under the multi-disciplinary teams that review over local processes and update to take account in conjunction to local safeguard framework (MacNamara et al., 2020).

Participants

Adults: There are no major requirements on automatic referrals of adult women under social care standards with the police too. The healthcare professionals includes the need for being aware on disclosures with women working on identifying over adult women for FGM. The professionalism includes healthcare with seeking over the supporting women by offering and then handling groups of community. One tends to provide support along with intervention of clinical standards and services under NHS FGM clinic (Dixon et al., 2020).

Adults Children: If the woman that she has daughter of more than 18 years age, that girl needs to go for FGM, with daughter not wanting to take care of police with the focus on the establishing of work on the enquiry forms. The daughters, cousins and girls are involved with the wider contexts. If the decisions are taken, then one can allow for useful conversation to ascertain with resulting change for the attitude, with the fear of prosecution and then handling lack of opportunities too. The research includes safeguard against FGM within UK and the other similar system of health, with multiple accounts that women have to on go physical psychological problems with recognizing as a result related to being less likely with the support to handle the carrying out of FGM for the children too (Seidu et al., 2022).

Processes and Procedures

The processes of UK leaders is considered to involve the development and working over integration of strategic systems. As per the references, there is a region in England with policy Davies Provenance referring a child for either FGM service or to Children Social Care at the place of birth. The guidance is for multi-disciplinary teams under Local Safeguarding Children Board which tends to be in place when there is safeguarding arrangement too. The risks are considered to be of moment time, with the professionals under healthcare which helps in taking opportunity or then continue towards different discussions through standardised care of healthcare delivery. The training is for healthcare professionals where the access is for FGM e-learning programme for healthcare websites (Atkinson et al., 2019).

The processes includes the Female Genital Mutilation Enhanced Dataset Information Standard with the requirement of NHS organization that includes mental health trusts and other GP practices. It involves the comprehensive information to share practices that are introduced over long term and effective approach. The maternity services are for discharging information which is sent to General Practitioners and Health Visitors which includes all the FGM information. The responsibility to work on the Health Visitors with the Health updates includes the receipt for the GP Practice of Maternity Discharge Information, with healthcare records which are updated for the FGM Information (Bendiksen et al., 2021).

Practicality

The policy Davies Provenance development includes the improper treatment of women, and then there are poor pollical leadership or the financial mismanagement too with lower execution for revisiting and evaluation as well. The policy Davies Provenance has been bringing the stakeholders or political leaders in the field and discipline for coordinating proper resources and operations. It is defined through handling the change of transformation as well. The participation in policy Davies Provenance includes the limitations as well, where the FGM is for the care pathway with supporting patients as well. There are risks indication system for the six GP system for working on piloting a system with the focus on recording a child healthcare record with risks of FGM at a certain point (Young et al., 2020). The indicator includes accessibility for healthcare professionals through childhood with highlighting on need to consider about the actions in this regard. The clinicians understand on the potential risks of FGM with awareness and consideration over framework that is for supporting on the healthcare standards with the identification or consideration of risks that is set over the FGM. There is a need to help and assess the patients treating the risks of harm which is in relation to FGM and then understand whether patient has children who have potential risk of FGM.

The urgent case is about the Children Social Services with Police considering which actions need to be taken. The cases of situation includes where the child or the young adult is under 18 years and discover FGM as historic case. The FGM includes Type 1 for clitoridectomy which involves the procedures of the Female genitals. The type 2 is for excision and the removal of the women clitoris. Type 3 is related to procedures where there are FGM to handle the non-medical standards of scraping

Perversities

This outlines important factors that attribute to the failure of policy Davies Provenance and the emphasis is on the transparency to make decisions with the significant role of non-governmental organizations. The restructuring is done through focusing on implementation of policy Davies Provenance and handling different vision, strategy and motivation. Using Kotter Conceptual Model (1996), it is seen that the FGM needs to handle the execution of the effective manner based on the influence of leadership style. The model concept is about the need of transformation (Njue et al., 2021). With this, the model suggest on the assembling of team with the viability option, and the implementation like government, local leaders or the advocacy organizations. It is about how social landlords tend to explore the path which is for the potential standards, and is critical too. As per the analysis, Davies Policy in UK has made it mandatory for the professionals of health to record on the presence of patient health care records and identify to ensure a proper delivery of proper healthcare standards. The report includes patient number with the caseload for UK Department of Health. In order to overcome the problems, there are challenges for health practitioners which includes being aware or informed on physiology of different types of FGM and then responding to cultural sensitivity, confidentiality or competency to care for infibulated women that requires the de-infibulation at the sexual intercourse or monitoring and screening. The prioritizing of privacy is for circumcised women over the needs for medical students training and ensuring about the women working or receiving care over what they need or they could be benefitted from. UK has a specific child protection legislation for the professionals to report over the social services rather than to the police. It is about the securing of children’s right to protection and women access for specialized medical care too. The free financial assistance or the medical advice is important with the penalties for committing FGM and then it includes the extra-territorially prohibition against the arrangement of practicing overseas in countries. The long term impacts are the chronic vaginal and the infections in pelvic, or the difficulty in menstruation or passing the urine or the chronic infections of urine too (Naomi et al., 2020). Not only this, there is a major damage to reproductive system that includes the problem of infertility as well. The complications in pregnancy and delay in the childbirth is also a common problem.

Management vs Leadership

The group performance and the effectiveness is not possible to be achieved without proper management and leadership. It is possible that the parties have different attitude, talent or behaviour and for becoming the successful manager, or leader, one needs to possess different abilities. It is about the establishing of perspective with the developing of tactics and attaining goals. They can both motivate people and negotiate over the financial and technical support too. The required approach to succeed and then focus on how the managers ensure a proper availability of resources with handling or utilizing the same for optimized results. As a manager in low and middle nations, one need to work on handling leadership with the best outcome. The analysis is about the leadership arguing over the leaders change and movement. The managers follow the several orders and consistency that is for achieving a particular objective. This is not for all managers who are leaders. This is for those who do not have any particular position of management but there is an assumption of administrators who are also considered to be leaders (Salmon et al., 2020).

There are results on the debate for the leadership and management which is not interchanging. Hence, the differences are for pressuring on others with abilities to accomplish targets and the notable contrasts set in between them. The concern is for daily operations at workplace, and the leaders being interests for future too (Mulongo et al., 2021).

Leading change, Team Work and Project Management

The quality of team leadership, includes the leading of changes which is a critical component for the success and failure. The charismatic leader tend to demonstrate on heroism which is a trait on effective methods. The transformational leadership behaviour is considered to hold leader’s capacity to excite and inspire team too. The autocratic and authoritarian leaders tend to push the personal decisions on a team with the little participation from the team. The democratic style of leadership is compared to transformational one, with limitations that is hampered by the improper implementation of decision making. While transactional leaders are for paying the rewards or punishments which is for getting most of performance out of teams. Laissez Faire Leadership is not involved in the team’s work but there are styles for the transformational leaders for handling the leading change.

The leader works as a person who does not have audience. Hence, for this, the theorists feel about social control. Kotter (1999) suggested on leaders focusing on motivating and accomplishing to shared objectives or inspiring for creating a better plan. The emphasis is on leading objectives with leaders trying to work on the sense of urgency for the followers and encouraging to take risks and challenge system too. The people tend to follow leaders willingly with keeping an open eye for the benefits and the use of participative leadership for leading followers. It is about the authenticity, purpose, sharpness, trust or dedication. The strengths, or the effective skills of communication are important with the critical traits of good leadership too. The term of teamwork involves the collective work with the members of team contributing towards joint created document that reflects over accumulated knowledge for the entire team. It is about the relying on debate rather than the exchange. Tuckman 1965, highlighted over the stages of team formation model as Forming, Storing, Norming and Performing, with observing teams over the course shifts from countering and vexation to meet up the goals. It is about adjourning the stages which is added later, and then there are team working over the disembarking after there is accomplishment of goals.

The building of culture is for cooperation in workplace which is important and the employees work towards ability to focus as a team. The role in fostering includes culture of cooperation which is critical, with teamwork or collaboration that is expected to be of a clear communication. The members model and talk is about the value on the teamwork culture with rewards or recognition that are given too. The company core success is based on the efforts of individual with the members of team who are assigned for specific department with being responsible for a specific task. One tends to work together towards the achievement of goals as well. The processes of policymaking and different roles or influences of actors within the specific contexts with the factors interact. The factors influencing policy on transient like the situational forms. The focus events are related to here and now with the relation to formal societal hierarchy with social dynamics.

Reflection

After reviewing the leadership model, the focus is on the sector learning with evaluating the leadership models. As per the National Health Service, I am able to focus on the managerial experiences, ability and knowledge. I have been involved with Jung Personality Test as a part of my study. It is a self-assessment form for the showing of strength and weakness in a teamwork job or then there are classified approaches for the behavioural types as Extravert-Senso-Feeler-Judger (ESFJ), which is interesting too. This is important to what I am now doing and expressing. The individual works on subjecting to changes over time, and then the Team Assessment Tool is for identifying the roles along with describing over the other parameters of Team, Chairperson, Executive, Driver, Innovator etc (Shaikh et al., 2020).

After the identification of my strengths, I realized that being the innovator is about the style of leadership which is effective for the attaining of specific policies. It relates to the response on how the people or person tends to agree for what one says. Most of the time, the leadership fails and the leaders are considered to be weak too. Hence, the leader is diplomatic in the method and this quality leads to team motivation as well. SWOT analysis is created and is added in the Appendix for explaining the transformation of my weakness and threats into the strength or opportunities majorly.

References

Atkinson, H.G., Ottenheimer, D. and Mishori, R., 2019. Public health research priorities to address female genital mutilation or cutting in the United States. American journal of public health, 109(11), pp.1523-1527.

Bendiksen, B., Heir, T., Minteh, F., Ziyada, M.M., Kuye, R.A. and Lien, I.L., 2021. The association between physical complications following female genital cutting and the mental health of 12-year-old Gambian girls: A community-based cross-sectional study. Plos one, 16(1), p.e0245723.

Dawson, A., Assifi, A. and Turkmani, S., 2022. Woman and girl-centred care for those affected by female genital mutilation: a scoping review of provider tools and guidelines. Reproductive Health, 19(1), p.50.

Dixon, S., Hinton, L. and Ziebland, S., 2020. Supporting patients with female genital mutilation in primary care: a qualitative study exploring the perspectives of GPs’ working in England. British Journal of General Practice, 70(699), pp.e749-e756.

Earp, B.D., Shahvisi, A., Reis-Dennis, S. and Reis, E., 2021. The need for a unified ethical stance on child genital cutting. Nursing ethics, 28(7-8), pp.1294-1305.

Evans, C., Tweheyo, R., McGarry, J., Eldridge, J., Albert, J., Nkoyo, V. and Higginbottom, G., 2019. Crossing cultural divides: a qualitative systematic review of factors influencing the provision of healthcare related to female genital mutilation from the perspective of health professionals. PloS one, 14(3), p.e0211829.

Evans, R., 2020. Teaching about Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Africa: complex questions of culture,“development” and human rights. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 44(2), pp.230-247.

Home, J., Rowland, A., Gerry, F., Proudman, C. and Walton, K., 2020. A review of the law surrounding female genital mutilation protection orders. British Journal of Midwifery, 28(7), pp.418-429.

Johansen, R.E.B., 2019. Blurred transitions of female genital cutting in a Norwegian Somali community. PloS One, 14(8), p.e0220985.

Karlsen, S., Carver, N., Mogilnicka, M. and Pantazis, C., 2020. ‘Putting salt on the wound’: a qualitative study of the impact of FGM-safeguarding in healthcare settings on people with a British Somali heritage living in Bristol, UK. BMJ open, 10(6), p.e035039.

Lisa, C., 2022. Talking about Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Safeguarding for Professionals who Work with Children. Taylor & Francis.

MacNamara, N., Mackle, D., Pierson, C. and Bloomer, F., 2020, September. Interrogating the politicization of female genital cutting (FGC) within conditions of asymmetrical cultural convergence. A case study of Northern Ireland. In Women’s Studies International Forum (Vol. 82, p. 102391). Pergamon.

Mulongo, P. and McAndrew, S., 2021. Female genital mutilation protection orders. British Journal of Midwifery, 29(1), pp.48-49.

Mulongo, P., McAndrew, S., Khan, R. and Mckeown, M., 2021. Support Our Sisters (SOS): A Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Specialist Psychosocial Service in Salford, Greater Manchester: A pilot project. Narratives of women whose mental health has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Naomi, B. and Sylvie, G., 2020. An examination of the medicalization trend in female genital cutting in Egypt: How does it relate to a girl’s risk of being cut?. Social Science & Medicine, 258, p.113024.

Njue, C., Ameyaw, E.K., Ahinkorah, B.O., Seidu, A.A. and Kimani, S., 2021. Commentary: What should referral pathways have to improve healthcare experiences of women with female genital mutilation in Australia?. Reproductive health, 18, pp.1-5.

Njue, C., Karumbi, J., Esho, T., Varol, N. and Dawson, A., 2019. Preventing female genital mutilation in high income countries: a systematic review of the evidence. Reproductive health, 16(1), pp.1-20.

Palm, C., Johnsdotter, S., Elmerstig, E., Holmström, C. and Essén, B., 2022. Adolescent sexual and reproductive health counselling in relation to female genital cutting: Swedish professionals’ approach to menstrual pain as an empirical example. Sexuality & Culture, 26, pp.1-25.

Salmon, D., Olander, E.K. and Abzhaparova, A., 2020. A qualitative study examining UK female genital mutilation health campaigns from the perspective of affected communities. Public Health, 187, pp.84-88.

Seidu, A.A., Aboagye, R.G., Sakyi, B., Adu, C., Ameyaw, E.K., Affum, J.B. and Ahinkorah, B.O., 2022. Female genital mutilation and skilled birth attendance among women in sub-Saharan Africa. BMC women’s health, 22(1), p.26.

Shaikh, H. and McDonnell, K.A., 2020. Review of Web-Based Toolkits for Health Care Practitioners Working With Women and Girls Affected by or at Risk of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 11, p.2150132720935296.

Young, J., Rodrigues, K.K., Imam, B. and Johnson-Agbakwu, C., 2020. Female genital mutilation/cutting—pediatric physician knowledge, training, and general practice approach. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 22, pp.668-674.

Appendix

SWOT Analysis

Action Plan

Marketing Research and Data Analysis

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