1. Which of the following words contains an affricate?
a. [mɲɛki:] ‘soft’ (Czech)
b. [pfliçt] ‘duty’ (German)
c. [xleb] ‘bread’ (Russian)
d. [mbɛlɛ] ‘in front’ (Swahili)
2. Mark the correct category that the following words have in common for their vowels [fɤ] ‘noodles’
(Vietnamese), [fø] ‘fire’ (French), [fe] ‘faith’ (Spanish), [fos] ‘light’ (Greek). (Tone in Vietnamese is not
shown for simplicity’s sake):
a. Height.
b. Backness.
c. Roundedness.
d. Tenseness.
3. Which of the following French words are a minimal pair?
a. [lɑ̃t] – [lɔ̃g] ‘slow’ – ‘long’
b. [plœʁ] –[kœʁ] ‘tears’ – ‘heart’
c. [plɑ̃t] – [blɑ̃ʃ] ‘plant’ – ‘white’
d. [kʁɛt̃ ] – [kʁɛt] ‘fear’ – ‘crest’
4.Which of the following consonants is the stop counterpart of the fricative /ɸ/ as in the word [ɸuɾa:]
‘foolish’ (Okinawan Japanese):
a. /f/
b. /b/
c. /p/
d. /w/
5. The first consonant in the word [ð̼ atu] (Tangoa – an Oceanic language) has the place of
articulation as:
a. Dental
b. Interdental
c. Bilabial
d. linguolabial
6. Which of the following Arabic words contains a pharyngealized consonant?
a. [sˁɑjf] ‘summer’
b. [alid͡ ʒtimaːʕ] ‘meeting’
c. [ʔallaːh] ‘Allah’
d. [ħa:l] ‘situation’
7. Which of the following words contains a retroflex nasal?
a. [maɲã] ‘morning’ (Portuguese)
b. [haŋka] ‘leg’ (Basque)
c. [ba:ɳ] ‘arrow’ (Marathi – Indian language)
d. [ŋ̊ á] ‘borrow’ (Burmese)
8. Which of the following tongue sections is used for the pronunciation of the fricative consonant in the
Italian word [ʃɛna] ‘scene’?
a. apical
b. laminal
c. dorsal
d. Radical
9. Which of the following words contains a palatalized consonant?
a. [pjedad] ‘pity’ (Spanish)
b. [kænjən] ‘canyon’ (English)
c. [tʲu:] ‘thick’ (Irish)
d. [tsvaɪjɛ:rlɪç] ‘biennial’ (German)
10. Which of the following words contains a palato-alveolar fricative?
a. [ʧornɨɪ] ‘black’ (Russian)
b. [ínɮàlà] ‘hunger’ (Zulu)
c. [ʤam] ‘glass’ (Albanian)
d. [moʒe] ‘eyelash’ (Persian)
11. The soft palate is lowered in the pronunciation of which of the following Nepali words:
a. [bãs] ‘bamboo’
b. [kap] ‘insider corner’
c. [bʱaɽa] ‘rent’
d. [ʦap] ‘pressure’
12. The Advanced Tongue Root feature correlates with:
a. lip position.
b. position of the soft palate (velum).
c. width of the pharynx.
d. air flow.
13. Which of the following words contains the stop counterpart of the fricative [ɣ]?
a. [kurat] ‘clean’ (Romanian)
b. [megi] ‘catfish’ (Korean)
c. [baɢɑrɑ] ‘cow’ (Sudanese)
d. [qɪm:a] ‘peak’ (Arabic)
14. Which of the following words contains a labio-palatal semivowel (glide)? (Tone in Mandarin is not
shown for simplicity’s sake).
a. [ɰisɐ] ‘doctor’ (Korean)
b. [ɥe] ‘moon’ (Mandarin)
c. [kwaɾt] ‘four’ (Catalan)
d. [maɪ̯ kɐ] ‘mother’ (Bulgarian)
15. Which of the following words contains a velarized consonant?
a. [miɣdɔl] ‘tower’ (Hebrew)
b. [haɣe] ‘baldness’ (Japanese)
c. [ʔaɣa] ‘best’ (Navajo)
d. [fˠõ:ɾʲ] ‘summer’ (Irish)
16. Which of the following words contains a voiceless pharyngeal/epiglottal fricative?
a. [ʕɔlos] ‘voice’ (Ukrainian)
b. [wiħ:et] ‘one’ (Maltese)
c. [ɦlava] ‘head’ (Czech)
d. [sɑmʔɑ:t] ‘to clean’ (Khmer)
17. The secondary articulation in the Russian word [dʲetʲi] ‘children’ involves:
a. the raising of the tip of the tongue.
b. the retracting of the root of the tongue.
c. the raising of the front of the tongue.
d. the raising of the back of the tongue.
18. Which of the following words contains a retroflex consonant? (Tone in Vietnamese is not shown for
simplicity’s sake).
a. [ʈɐŋ] ‘moon’ (Vietnamese)
b. [traʊm] ‘dream’ (German)
c. [ʦuχ] ‘train’ (Luxembourgish)
d. [ʧuʧi] ‘to wash’ (Malay)
19. Which of the following words contains a alvelo-palatal fricative? (Tone in Mandarin is not shown for
simplicity’s sake).
a. [ʒel] ‘ice’ (Catalan)
b. [ʑɪvot] ‘life’ (Czech)
c. [zub] ‘tooth’ (Ukrainian)
d. [ʐoʊ] ‘meat’ (Mandarin)
20. Which of the following words contains a labiodental nasal?
a. [ʤɑN] ‘bell’ (Turkmen)
b. [gɑ:ɳ] ‘yarn’ (Swedish)
c. [fʏɱf] ‘five’ (German)
d. [kɔɲ] ‘horse’ (Polish)
21. Which of the following words contains a trill?
a. [dɔ:ɹ] ‘through’ (Dutch)
b. [bɽɑ:] ‘leaf’ (Norwegian)
c. [kaɾo] ‘expensive’ (Spanish)
d. [brɪçt] ‘bright’ (Scots)
22. Which of the following words contains a lateral?
a. [veʎo] ‘old’ (Portuguese)
b. [vero] ‘true’ (Italian)
c. [vevaɪ̯ os] ‘certain’ (Greek)
d. [vɨxod] ‘exit’ (Russian)
23. Which lateral sound contained in the following words is a fricative? (Tones in Cantonese and
Vietnamese are not shown for simplicity’s sake).
a. [na:wa͡tɬ] ‘Nahuatl language’ (Nahuatl)
b. [mɔɴɢɔ̆ ɮ] ‘Mongol’ (Mongolian)
c. [l̪ an] ‘orchid’ (Cantonese)
d. [lan] ‘orchid’ (Vietnamese)
24.Which approximant contained in the following words is categorized as vocoid?
a. [luno] ‘moon’ (Esperanto)
b. [me:ɾa:] ‘my’ (Hindi)
c. [maya] ‘sparrow’ (Tagalog)
d. [kaʁo] ‘square’ (French)
25. Which of the following words contains a voiced bilabial fricative?
a. [baɪ̯ t] ‘house’ (Hebrew)
b. [ɸɔl] ‘fruit’ (Bengali)
c. [ɓa] ‘three’ (Vietnamese)
d. [iβa:βa:] ‘shoe’ (Fijian)
26. The Esperanto language. Esperanto is a constructed, auxiliary language, created in the 1880s by a
Polish doctor named L. L. Zamenhof. It is spoken as a secondary language by an estimated 2 million
people around the world, including about 1,000 individuals who speak it as their first language. Esperanto
has been recognized and/or used at various levels by several countries and such international
organizations as UNESCO and WHO. On the Internet, Esperanto can be found on many platforms,
including Google Translate, Esperanto Wikipedia, Duolingo and lernu.net.
First off, examine the chart below carefully, in which the letters are in uppercase, and the phonetic
symbols are in boldface.
Regarding diphthongs, note that Esperanto has only offglides (Vowel + Glide) and no onglides (Glide +
Vowel).
YOUR TASK: Based on the chart above, provide the Esperanto spellings of the following words shown
in phonetic transcriptions. The first one is done for you as an example.
To make sure you’ll have the letters with diacritics correctly, submit a PDF file with your answers either
hand-written or computer-processed.
1. [edziʤo] ‘wedding’: edziĝo
2. [jaxto] ‘yacht’
3. [intonaʦio] ‘intonation’
4. [loʤantaro] ‘population’
5. [tabloɪ̯ d] ‘tablet’
6. [ʃraʊ̯ bo]’screw’
7. [ʒaʊ̯ do] ‘Thursday’
8. [oʧjo] ‘uncle’
9. [orgoɪ̯ lo] ‘pride’
10. [wato] ‘watt’
11. [pseʊ̯ dosʦienʦa] ‘pseudoscientific’