Mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect

Child
Family
CommunityMarketing Research and Data Analysis
Australia
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Mandatory reporting of child abuse and neglect
CFCA Resource Sheet | tinyurl.com/y6pcu6rv
Mandatory reporting of
child abuse and neglect
CFCA Resource Sheet — June 2020
This resource sheet is provided as a guide only, and is current at the date of publication.
Changes to mandatory reporting laws are currently being considered in various jurisdictions. Individuals are
encouraged to contact the relevant department or organisation to clarify requirements in their jurisdiction, or
in relation to legislation. For more information and contact details, see the CFCA Resource Sheet Reporting
child abuse and neglect: Information for service providers (aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/cfca-resource-sheet/
reporting-child-abuse-and-neglect).
Overview
This resource sheet provides members of the community with information on mandatory reporting laws,
which require specifed people to report suspected abuse and neglect to government child protection
services in Australia.1 It provides answers to common questions asked about mandatory reporting, outlines
the challenges and benefts of mandatory reporting and covers the various mandatory reporting legislation
across all Australian jurisdictions.
1 There are legal requirements for various professionals to report other child-related conditions to various authorities (i.e. certain diseases, the
occurrence of injuries in children attending schools or child care, and incidents of domestic violence related to adult victims). This resource
sheet does not relate to those circumstances but is specifc to the reporting of child abuse and neglect to government authorities.
If you require assistance or would like to talk to a trained professional about the issues described in this
resource sheet, please call Kids Helpline (www.kidshelpline.com.au) on 1800 55 1800 or
Lifeline (www.lifeline.org.au) on 13 11 14. If you believe a child is in immediate danger call Police on 000.
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Introduction
Mandatory reporting laws aim to identify cases of child abuse and neglect, and to assist the individual children in
these cases (Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, [Royal Commission], 2017).
They were frst developed in response to the largely hidden nature of child physical abuse and neglect, with the
purpose of bringing cases to the attention of child welfare agencies (Mathews, 2014a). They require selected
groups of people to report suspected cases of child abuse and neglect to government authorities.
In Australia, the frst laws were introduced in South Australia in 1969, and these laws have since been introduced
in all Australian jurisdictions (Mathews, 2014b). However, the laws are not the same across all jurisdictions.
Diﬀerences exist in who has to report, what types of abuse and neglect have to be reported, the ‘state of mind’
that activates the reporting duty (i.e. having a concern, suspicion or belief on reasonable grounds) and who the
report is made to. These diﬀerences are described and discussed in this resource sheet.
Common questions
Who has to report?
Mandatory reporting legislation generally contains lists of particular occupations that are mandated to report
cases of suspected child abuse and neglect. The groups of people mandated to report range from persons in
a limited number of occupations (Qld) to a more extensive list (Vic. and WA), to a very extensive list (ACT, NSW,
SA and Tas.), through to every adult (NT). The occupations most commonly named as mandated reporters are
those who deal frequently with children in the course of their work: teachers, early childhood education and care
practitioners, doctors, nurses and police.
What types of abuse and neglect have to be reported?
Diﬀerences exist in the types of abuse and neglect that must be reported. In some jurisdictions (e.g. NSW and NT)
it is mandatory to report suspicions of all fve recognised types of abuse and neglect (i.e. physical abuse, sexual
abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to family violence). In other jurisdictions it is mandatory to report
only some of the abuse types (e.g. WA, Qld, Vic. and ACT).
In most jurisdictions the legislation generally specifes that, except for sexual abuse, it is only cases of signifcant
abuse and neglect that must be reported. As sexual abuse should always create a suspicion of signifcant harm,
in practical terms all suspicions of sexual abuse must be reported. While not required by the legislation,
suspicions of less severe child abuse and neglect may still be referred to child and family welfare agencies.
It is important to note that the duty to report applies to suspicions that signifcant abuse or neglect is likely in
the future, not just suspected cases of signifcant abuse or neglect that have already happened.
What protections are given to mandatory reporters?
In all jurisdictions, the legislation protects the mandatory reporter’s identity from disclosure. In addition, the
legislation provides that as long as the report is made in good faith, the reporter cannot be liable in any civil,
criminal or administrative proceedings.
How does mandatory reporting legislation defne a child?
Legislation in all jurisdictions except New South Wales and Victoria requires mandatory reporting in relation to all
young people up to the age of 18 years. In New South Wales, the duty only applies to situations involving children
aged under 16 years. In Victoria, the duty only applies to situations involving children under 17 years of age.
How does this type of mandatory reporting co-exist with other types
of reporting laws?
This form of mandatory reporting is one of several diﬀerent legal domains that require designated people to
report specifed types of child abuse. The reporting duties discussed here are located in child protection
legislation in each jurisdiction. They are the major form of reporting duty – being primarily directed towards
situations of multiple types of abuse and neglect by parents and caregivers (although, operationally, situations
of non-familial sexual abuse will be subsumed under the reporting duty).
Accordingly, other types of reporting laws co-exist with the child protection reporting laws. These other laws
appear most prominently in criminal laws and most often require reports of child sexual abuse, although they
sometimes extend to serious physical abuse. These criminal law reporting duties do not exist in every jurisdiction,
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and where they do exist (e.g. in NSW, Vic., the ACT and NT) they have slightly diﬀerent scope and details,
although all require reports to be made to police.
The criminal law reporting duties require all adults in the jurisdiction to report the specifed type of abuse. Other
types of reporting duty are aimed at identifying institutional sexual abuse. All these diﬀerent duties are discussed
in recent research (Mathews, 2019).
Which mandated reports can child protection services act on?
A common assumption is that mandatory reporting requirements, the legislative grounds for child protection
services intervention, and research classifcations of abusive and neglectful behaviour are the same. In fact,
mandatory reporting laws defne the types of situations that must be reported to statutory child protection
services. Legislative grounds for government intervention defne the circumstances and, importantly, the
threshold at which the statutory child protection service is legally able to intervene to protect a child.
Researchers typically focus on defning behaviours and circumstances that can be categorised as abuse and
neglect. These diﬀerences arise because each description serves a diﬀerent purpose; the lack of commonality
does not mean that the system is failing to work as policy makers had intended.
As such, not all reports of child abuse and neglect lead to immediate action from child protection services.
A single report may not meet the threshold for intervention; however, this report grouped with other information
on fle (or that is yet to be collected) may meet the threshold and result in action being taken. Reports are not
looked at in isolation, instead they work to form a body of information that determine if and how child protection
services are legally able to intervene.
Can voluntary reports be made about abuse and neglect, even if not
required by the legislation?
Any person is lawfully entitled to make a report if they are concerned for a child’s welfare, even if they are not
required to do so as a mandatory reporter. Anyone making a voluntary (non-mandated) report is also protected
with regard to confdentiality and immunity from legal liability as outlined above.
In addition to the mandatory reporting legislation, certain professional groups (such as psychologists) and
government agencies (such as education departments) may have their own occupational reporting protocols
outlining the moral, ethical, professional or organisational responsibility to report. These policy-based reporting
duties may be narrower, broader or the same as those ofcially mandated under legislation. For example, in
Queensland, teachers are required to report all forms of suspected signifcant abuse and neglect under school
policy but are only mandated to report sexual abuse and physical abuse under the legislation.
Challenges with the introduction of mandatory reporting
The introduction of mandatory reporting increases awareness of child abuse and neglect, which can result in a
substantial increase in the number of reports being made to child protection services, especially in the short term
(Mathews, Lee & Norman, 2016). There need to be adequate resources available to respond to any increased
demand for stafng and services. Reporting trends generally stabilise several years after the introduction of a
mandatory reporting duty (Mathews, Bromfeld, Walsh, & Vimpani, 2015).
It is important that mandated reporters receive multidisciplinary training and accurate information to ensure that
they know what cases they have to report, how to make a report containing the details needed by the child
welfare agency intake team, and what cases they should not report. This training should occur pre-service and
in-service. Since non-mandated reporters make a large proportion of all reports, it is also important for the public
to be made aware of the appropriate extent of their responsibility. It is also essential that child and family support
services be adequately resourced to respond to children and families in need of protection and assistance.
Benefts of mandatory reporting requirements
As a public policy, mandatory reporting aims to protect children from child abuse and neglect. Mathews and
Bross (2008) argue that a society without a mandatory reporting system will be far less able to protect children
and assist families, as many cases of child abuse and neglect will remain hidden. Comparative studies between
countries with and without a mandatory reporting system have found that substantially more cases of child
sexual abuse are identifed in countries with a mandatory reporting system (Royal Commission, 2017). Studies in
Australia support this fnding (Lamond, 1989; Mathews, 2014a; Mathews, Bromfeld, Walsh, Cheng, & Norman,
2017; Mathews et al., 2016). Reports by mandated reporters identify large proportions of maltreated children and
result in the provision of services to many more children and families (Drake & Jonson-Reid, 2007).
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Mandatory reporting also aims to increase the awareness of child abuse and neglect in professionals who work
with children and overcome any reluctance to report this abuse (Cashmore, 2002). Mandatory reporting laws set
acceptable standards of behaviour for the community (Australian Law Reform Commission [ALRC], 2010), aﬀect
the policies and practices of child protection services (Tomison & Tucci, 1997), and make the protection of
children from abuse and neglect a professional responsibility.
Mandatory reporting legislation
Commonwealth legislation
The Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) creates a mandatory reporting duty for personnel from the Family Court of
Australia, the Federal Circuit Court of Australia, the Family Court of Western Australia and other designated
practitioners. This includes registrars, deputy registrars, family consultants, family counsellors, family dispute
resolution practitioners, arbitrators, and lawyers independently representing children’s interests. Section 67ZA(1)
and (2) require that when these persons have reasonable grounds for suspecting that a child has been abused, or
is at risk of being abused, and this suspicion is developed in the course of performing their duties or functions, or
exercising powers, they must, as soon as practicable, notify a prescribed child welfare authority of their suspicion
and its basis.
Under section 4, ‘abuse’ is eﬀectively defned as including: (a) assault, including a sexual assault; (b) sexual abuse;
(c) serious psychological harm, including but not limited to harm caused by the child being subjected to, or
exposed to, family violence; or (d) serious neglect.
State and territory legislation
The following part sets out the various mandatory requirements for all Australian jurisdictions.
• Australian Capital Territory
• New South Wales
• Northern Territory
• Queensland
• South Australia
• Tasmania
• Victoria
• Western Australia
Further details and information about mandatory reporting can be obtained from the relevant statutory child
protection authority in each jurisdiction. Contact and other details for each state and territory ofce can be
found in the CFCA Resource sheet: Reporting child abuse and neglect: Information for service providers
(aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/cfca-resource-sheet/reporting-child-abuse-and-neglect).
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Australian Capital Territory
The Australian Capital Territory’s mandatory reporting laws cover an extensive list of professions, and the details
of the reporting requirements are provided in the table below.

Legal provisions	Section 356 of the Children and Young People Act 2008 (ACT)
Who is mandated to report?	A person who is: a doctor; a dentist; a nurse; an enrolled nurse; a midwife; a psychologist; a teacher at a school; a person authorised to inspect education programs, materials or other records used for home education of a child or young person under the Education Act 2004; a police ofcer; a person employed to counsel children or young people at a school; a person caring for a child at a child care centre; a person coordinating or monitoring home-based care for a family day care scheme proprietor; a public servant who, in the course of employment as a public servant, works with, or provides services personally to children and young people or families; the public advocate; an ofcial visitor; a minister of religion, religious leader or member of the clergy of a church or religious denomination; a person who, in the course of the person’s employment, has contact with or provides services to children, young people and their families and is prescribed by regulation.
What must be reported?	A belief, on reasonable grounds, that a child or young person has experienced or is experiencing sexual abuse or non-accidental physical injury; and the reasons for the belief arise from information obtained by the person during the course of, or because of, the person’s work (whether paid or unpaid)
Abuse and neglect types that must be reported	• Physical abuse • Sexual abuse

New South Wales
New South Wales’ mandatory reporting laws cover an extensive list of professions, and the details of the
reporting requirements are provided in the table below.

Legal provisions	Sections 23 and 27 of the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 (NSW)
Who is mandated to report?	A person who, in the course of his or her professional work, or other paid employment, delivers health care, welfare, education, children’s services, residential services or law enforcement, wholly or partly, to children. A person who holds a management position in an organisation, the duties of which include direct responsibility for, or direct supervision of, the provision of health care, welfare, education, children’s services, residential services or law enforcement, wholly or partly, to children. A person in religious ministry, or a person providing religion-based activities to children. A registered psychologist providing a professional service as a psychologist. Note: Children’s services means either or both of the following (subject to the regulations): (a) an education and care service within the meaning of the Children (Education and Care Services) National Law (NSW); (b) a State regulated education and care service within the meaning of the Children (Education and Care Services) Supplementary Provisions Act 2011.
What must be reported?	Suspicion on reasonable grounds, obtained during the course of or from the person’s work, that a child is at risk of signifcant harm because of the presence to a signifcant extent of circumstances of: neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, risk of harm through exposure to domestic violence, and failure to engage with services after a pre-natal report.
Abuse and neglect types that must be reported	• Physical abuse • Sexual abuse • Emotional/psychological abuse • Neglect • Exposure to domestic violence

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Northern Territory
The Northern Territory’s mandatory reporting laws apply to any person, with additional provisions covering
health practitioners. The details of these reporting requirements are provided in the table below.

Legal provisions	Sections 15, 16 and 26 of the Care and Protection of Children Act 2007 (NT)	Section 26(2) of the Care and Protection of Children Act 2007 (NT)
Who is mandated to report?	Any person	A health practitioner or someone who performs work of a kind that is prescribed by regulation
What must be reported?	A belief on reasonable grounds that a child has suﬀered or is likely to suﬀer harm or exploitation	Reasonable grounds to believe a child aged 14 or 15 years has been or is likely to be a victim of a sexual oﬀence and the age diﬀerence between the child and oﬀender is greater than 2 years
Abuse and neglect types that must be reported	• Physical abuse • Sexual abuse or other exploitation of the child • Emotional/psychological abuse • Neglect • Exposure to physical violence (e.g. a child witnessing violence between parents at home)	• Sexual abuse

Queensland
Queensland has three separate pieces of mandatory reporting legislation, each covering diﬀerent occupational
groups and having their own reporting requirements. The details of these pieces of legislation are provided in
the table below.

Legal provisions	Part 1AA, section 13F of the Child Protection Act 1999 (Qld)	Part 1AA, section 13E of the Child Protection Act 1999 (Qld)	Sections 364, 365, 365A, 366, 366A of the Education (General Provisions) Act 2006 (Qld)
Who is mandated to report?	An authorised ofcer, a public service employee employed in the department, a person employed in a departmental care service or licensed care service	Doctors; registered nurses; teachers; a police ofcer who, under a direction given by the commissioner of the police service under the Police Service Administration Act 1990, is responsible for reporting under this section; a person engaged to perform a child advocate function under the Public Guardian Act 2014; early childhood education and care professionals.	School staﬀ
What must be reported?	A reasonable suspicion that a child in care (a child placed in the care of an entity conducting a departmental care service or a licensee) has suﬀered, is suﬀering, or is at unacceptable risk of suﬀering, signifcant harm caused by physical or sexual abuse	A reasonable suspicion that a child has suﬀered, is suﬀering or is at an unacceptable risk of suﬀering, signifcant harm caused by physical or sexual abuse; and may not have a parent able and willing to protect the child from the harm	Awareness or reasonable suspicion that a child has been or is likely to be sexually abused; and the suspicion is formed in the course of the person’s employment
Abuse and neglect types that must be reported	• Physical abuse • Sexual abuse	• Physical abuse • Sexual abuse	• Sexual abuse

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South Australia
South Australia’s mandatory reporting laws cover an extensive list of professions, and the details of the reporting
requirements are provided in the table below.

Legal provisions	Sections 17, 18, 30 and 31 of the Children and Young People (Safety) Act 2017 (SA)
Who is mandated to report?	Medical practitioners; pharmacists; registered or enrolled nurses; dentists; psychologists; police ofcers; community corrections ofcers under the Correctional Services Act 1982; social workers; ministers of religion; employees of, or volunteers in, an organisation formed for religious or spiritual purposes; teachers employed as such in a school (within the meaning of the Education and Early Childhood Services (Registration and Standards) Act 2011) or a preschool or kindergarten; employees of, or volunteers in, an organisation that provides health, welfare, education, sporting or recreational, child care or residential services wholly or partly for children and young people, being a person who – (i) provides such services directly to children and young people; or (ii) holds a management position in the organisation, the duties of which include direct responsibility for, or direct supervision of, the provision of those services to children and young people
What must be reported?	Reasonable grounds to suspect a child or young person is, or may be, at risk; and the suspicion was formed in the course of the person’s employment
Abuse and neglect types that must be reported	• Physical abuse • Sexual abuse • Mental or emotional abuse • Neglect

Tasmania
Tasmania’s mandatory reporting laws cover an extensive list of professions, and the details of the reporting
requirements are provided in the table below.

Legal provisions	Sections 3, 4 and 14 of the Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1997 (Tas.)
Who is mandated to report?	Medical practitioners; registered or enrolled nurses; persons registered under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law (Tasmania) in the midwifery, dental (dentists, dental therapist, dental hygienist or oral health therapist) or psychology professions; police ofcers; probation ofcers; principals and teachers in any educational institution including kindergartens; persons who provide child care or a child care service for fee or reward; persons concerned in the management of an approved education and care service, within the meaning of the Education and Care Services National Law (Tasmania) or a child care service licensed under the Child Care Act 2001; a member of the clergy of any church or religious denomination; a member of the Parliament of this State; any other person who is employed or engaged as an employee for, of, or in, or who is a volunteer in, a government agency that provides health, welfare, education, child care or residential services wholly or partly for children, and an organisation that receives any funding from the Crown for the provision of such services; and any other person of a class determined by the Minister by notice in the Gazette to be prescribed persons.
What must be reported?	Knowledge, or a belief or suspicion on reasonable grounds that: a child has been or is being ‘abused’ or ‘neglected’ or is an aﬀected child within the meaning of the Family Violence Act 2004 (a child whose safety, psychological wellbeing or interests are aﬀected or likely to be aﬀected by family violence); or there is a reasonable likelihood of a child being killed or abused or neglected by a person with whom the child resides; or while a woman is pregnant, that there is reasonable likelihood that after the birth of the child: the child will suﬀer abuse or neglect, or may be killed by a person with whom the child is likely to reside; or that the child will require medical treatment or other intervention as a result of the behaviour of the woman or another person with whom the woman resides or is likely to reside, before the birth of the child. Note on extent of harm required to activate the duty (section 3(1) defnition of ‘abuse and neglect’: for all forms except sexual abuse, reports must be made where: (i) the injured, abused or neglected person has suﬀered, or is likely to suﬀer, physical or psychological harm detrimental to the person’s wellbeing; or (ii) the injured, abused or neglected person’s physical or psychological development is in jeopardy. All instances of suspected sexual abuse must be reported.

Table continued over page
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Legal provisions	Sections 3, 4 and 14 of the Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1997 (Tas.)
Abuse and neglect types that must be reported	• Sexual abuse (any) • Physical abuse • Emotional/psychological abuse • Neglect • Exposure to family violence

Victoria
Victoria’s mandatory reporting laws cover an extensive list of professions, and the details of the reporting
requirements are provided in the table below.

Legal provisions	Sections 182(1), 184 and 162(1)(c)–(d) of the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005 (Vic.)
Who is mandated to report?	Registered medical practitioners, nurses, midwives, a person registered as a teacher or an early childhood teacher under the Education and Training Reform Act 2006 or teachers granted permission to teach under that Act; principals of government or non-government schools within the meaning of the Education and Training Reform Act 2006; police ofcers, a person in religious ministry, out-of-home care workers (excluding voluntary foster and kinship carers), early childhood workers, youth justice workers and registered psychologists.
What must be reported?	Belief on reasonable grounds that a child is in need of protection on a ground referred to in section 162(1)(c) or 162(1)(d), formed in the course of practising his or her profession or carrying out the duties of his or her ofce, position or employment as soon as practicable after forming the belief and after each occasion on which he or she becomes aware of any further reasonable grounds for the belief
Abuse and neglect types that must be reported	• Physical injury • Sexual abuse Note that technically, under s. 162, the duty is limited to instances of physical injury and sexual abuse where ‘the child’s parents have not protected, or are unlikely to protect, the child from harm of that type’.

Western Australia
Western Australia has two separate pieces of mandatory reporting legislation, each covering diﬀerent occupation
groups and having their own reporting requirements. The details of these pieces of legislation are provided in the
table below.

Legal provisions	Sections 124A and 124B of the Children and Community Services Act 2004 (WA)2 2 Note: The Western Australian Government has announced its intent for this Act to be amended to introduce mandatory reporting of child sexual abuse for ministers of religion, including where this knowledge is gained through religious confession. These amendments are yet to be enacted (Government of Western Australia, 2019).	Sections 5 and 160 of the Family Court Act 1997 (WA)
Who is mandated to report?	Doctors; nurses and midwives; teachers and boarding supervisors; and police ofcers	The Principal Registrar, a registrar or a deputy registrar; family counsellors; family consultants; family dispute resolution practitioners, arbitrators or legal practitioners independently representing the child’s interests
What must be reported?	Belief on reasonable grounds that child sexual abuse has occurred or is occurring, where this belief is formed in the course of the person’s work, whether paid or unpaid	Reasonable grounds for suspecting that a child has been: abused, or is at risk of being abused; ill-treated, or is at risk of being ill-treated; or exposed or subjected to behaviour that psychologically harms the child
Abuse and neglect types that must be reported	• Sexual abuse	• Physical abuse • Sexual abuse • Neglect • Psychological harm including (but not limited to) harm caused by being subjected or exposed to family violence

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Further reading
Kohl, P., Jonson-Reid. M., & Drake, B. (2009). Time to leave substantiation behind: Findings from a national probability
study. Child Maltreatment, 14(1), 17.
Mathews, B. (2012). Exploring the contested role of mandatory reporting laws in the identifcation of severe child abuse
and neglect. In M. Freeman (Ed.), Current legal issues (Vol. 14: Law and Childhood Studies) (pp. 302–338). Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Mathews, B., & Kenny, M. (2008). Mandatory reporting legislation in the USA, Canada and Australia: A crossjurisdictional review of key features, diﬀerences and issues. Child Maltreatment, 13, 50–63.
Mathews, B., & Walsh, K. (2014). Mandatory reporting laws. In A. Hayes & D. Higgins (Eds.), Families, policy and the law:
Selected essays on contemporary issues for Australia (pp. 131–142). Melbourne: AIFS. Retrieved from www.aifs.gov.
au/publications/families-policy-and-law/14-mandatory-reporting-laws
Melton, G. (2005). Mandated reporting: A policy without reason. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 9–18.
Tomison, A. (2002). Mandatory reporting: A question of theory versus practice. Developing Practice: The Child, Youth
and Family Work Journal, 4, 13–17.
For more resources, visit the CFCA mandatory reporting bibliography: aifs.gov.au/cfca/bibliography/mandatoryreporting
References
Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC). (2010). Family violence: A national legal response. Canberra: ALRC.
Cashmore, J. (2002). Mandatory reporting: Is it the culprit? Where is the evidence? Developing Practice: The Child,
Youth and Family Work Journal, 4, 9–12.
Drake, B., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2007). A response to Melton based on the best available data. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31,
343–360.
Government of Western Australia. (2019). Mandatory reporting legislation to be extended to ministers of religion (Media
release). Retrieved from www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/McGowan/2019/05/Mandatory-reportinglegislation-to-be-extended-to-ministers-of-religion.aspx
Lamond, D. (1989). The impact of mandatory reporting legislation on reporting behaviour. Child Abuse & Neglect, 13,
471–480.
Mathews, B. (2014a). Mandatory reporting laws and identifcation of child abuse and neglect: Consideration of
diﬀerential maltreatment types, and a cross-jurisdictional analysis of child sexual abuse reports. Social Sciences,
3(3), 460–482.
Mathews, B. (2014b). Mandatory reporting laws for child sexual abuse in Australia: A legislative history. Sydney: Royal
Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse.
Mathews, B. (2019). A taxonomy of duties to report child sexual abuse: Legal developments oﬀer new ways to facilitate
disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 88, 337–347.
Mathews, B., Bromfeld, L., Walsh, K., Cheng, Q., & Norman, R. (2017). Reports of child sexual abuse of boys and girls:
Longitudinal trends over a 20-year period in Victoria, Australia. Child Abuse & Neglect, 66, 9–22.
Mathews, B., Bromfeld, L., Walsh, K., & Vimpani, G. (2015). Child abuse and neglect: A socio-legal study of mandatory
reporting in Australia (Vols 1–9). Melbourne: Government of Victoria.
Mathews, B. & Bross, D. (2008). Mandated reporting is still a policy with reason: Empirical evidence and philosophical
grounds. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32(5), 511–516.
Mathews, B., Lee, X., & Norman, R. (2016). Impact of a new mandatory reporting law on reporting and identifcation of
child sexual abuse: A seven year time trend analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 56, 62–79.
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. (2017). Criminal justice report of the Royal
Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (Vol. 7). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.
Tomison, A. M., & Tucci, J. (1997). Emotional abuse: The hidden form of maltreatment (National Child Protection Clearing
House). Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies.
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The Child Family Community Australia (CFCA) information exchange is an information and advisory unit based at the Australian Institute of Family Studies, and
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Authors and acknowledgements
This resource sheet was updated by Nick Heyes, who at the time of writing was a Senior Project Ofcer with the
Child Family Community Australia information exchange at the Australian Institute of Family Studies and
Ben Mathews, Professor in the QUT School of Law, and Co-Director of the Child Adversity Research Program in
the QUT Faculty of Health.
The 2014 version was authored by Ben Mathews, Associate Professor at QUT School of Law, and Deborah Scott,
Research Fellow at the Australian Institute of Family Studies.
Previous editions of this resource sheet have been compiled by Joanne Commerford, Deborah Scott, Daryl Higgins,
Leah Bromfeld, Nick Richardson, Prue Holzer and Claire Berlyn.

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