For the last couple of decades, business’s impact on climate change has been examined and regulated, and organisations across all industries are developing practical strategies for reducing carbon emissions while preserving or strengthening their competitive position in their respective industries (Alves et al., 2017). The aviation industry both contributes to and is influenced by climate change. Organizations are under increasing strain as a result of increasing pressure from a varied array of stakeholders (Lee and Ahn, 2019). Organizations are focusing on immediate remedies to climate change, with a particular emphasis on cost savings. The global aviation industry is under immense pressure to reduce its carbon footprint and adhere to international agreements and standards controlling carbon emission rules, among other things.

Due to the fact that climate change determines a business’s capabilities and chances to serve society, operations management in this sector must be strongly integrated with climate change in order to be effective (Engauet al., 2017). In a similar line, the firm is impacted by ongoing climate change. EasyJet, a low-cost international airline based in the United Kingdom, has recognised the operational disruptions caused by unfavourable climate change and is leading the way in introducing new operating standards.The climate change plans of the company are inadequate to address the ongoing impacts of climate change on business and industry. The firm’s goal is to lower its carbon footprint by 31% over the next five years. For example, the organisation looks into how temperature and humidity affect airline flight schedules. Unfavourable airline circumstances result in greater airport traffic and a decrease in overall consumer satisfaction levels (Lee et al., 2020).

Similarly, extreme rainfall, snow, wind speed, and fog all have an effect on the organization’s capacity to cover large areas and assure safe and dependable aircraft operations. Climate change is accelerating in the “European Union”, and it is affecting the company’s “services”, “operational efficiency”, and ‘cost management” techniques. For some firms, the increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes and tornadoes create worry about sustaining normal operations (Leamon et al., 2019). In certain locations, large snowfalls create significant difficulties for airline operations, and the company is compelled to turn away potential passengers due to the inconvenience.

Along with this impact, climate change is highly affecting temperature, and all over the globe, the temperature is increasing at an alarming rate. Europe is especially experiencing climatic warming at a rapid pace than all over the world. It has been anticipated that in some continents, the temperature level could increase by 4C-5C by the end of the century (Hasan et al., 2021). A high increase in temperature is highly impacting upon the performance of aircraft. For instance, it is reducing lift which has delivered a knock-on impact upon runway length requirements. Furthermore, airport range and payload will be highly impacted due to the cause. Therefore, this research study makes an attempt to develop a holistic understanding of the multifarious effects that the phenomenon of climate change has on the operations management practices and strategies of airline companies, with special reference to the specific case of “easyJet” in the European region.

1.2 Problem Statement

The profitability and efficiency of a corporation are inextricably linked to operational management. The airline sector has an influence on climate change and its operations, and there is no real-time reaction strategy in place to address the challenges. Additionally, it is the result of collective efforts to address climate change issues. From an operations management viewpoint, the fundamental issue is to guarantee that business operations run smoothly and to manage “customer trust” and “customer satisfaction” (Wright and Nyberg, 2015). Operations management inside the organisation must assess how climate change is affecting operational efficiency and what significant enhancements and methods may be incorporated into procedures to get a better outcome. The organisation must strike a balance between operational and environmental advantages.

1.3 Research Rationale

Numerous research papers on climate change and the aviation business have been published. While this study focuses on the impact of climate change on organisations, there is a lack of clarity on the impact on operations management. Developing strategies to combat climate change necessitates careful consideration of an organization’s carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions (Dharmasasmitaet al., 2017). Objectives and methods for satisfying stakeholder demands are lacking. There is also a lack of consistency in the amount of money being invested in climate change response efforts across various businesses.

Operational management is expected to implement a multi-faceted approach capable of responding to climate change circumstances throughout various time periods of the year, while supporting technical improvements to lower carbon footprints, given existing industry and organisational constraints (Ritchie et al., 2017). Strategic management is thought to aid in achieving sustainability despite the incidence of climate change repercussions throughout the year. The present research intends to contribute towards the development of a comprehensive understanding of the area of strategic management which can be in turn utilised for making some practical changes in the scenario. This is the scholar’s rationale behind carrying out the present research study.

1.4 Research Question

The central question to be addressed through this research work is:

How does climate change impacts directly the operations management practices and strategies of easyJet in the European region?

1.5 Research Objectives

The chief objectives to be accomplished through this research work are as below:

To examine the relationship between business operations and climate change

To investigate the previous ten years of climate change and their impacts on operations management in the airline business

To analyse the operational changes required in easyJet for carbon reduction to 31% in the next five years

To recommend the practices for strategic alignment of the operations with identified and assessed climate change impacts

1.6Research Significance

It is critical for the organisation to make appropriate modifications in operations in order to save money and reduce complications as a result of the harmful influence of the climate on operations. It also guarantees that answers to current and urgent difficulties are more closely aligned with the company’s vision and strategic objectives (Karnauskaset al., 2015). An effective investigation into the potential repercussions and their implications aid in the preparation of a risk management strategy for the organisation. It is critical to strengthen management techniques and to include climate change reactions into operations in order to be successful.

Aside from these, it has values that enable it to produce values and contributions that are geared toward the society in the context of climate change management (Ko et al., 2017). It holds the company accountable for its actions and outcomes, and it motivates the company’s leadership to make good changes. The research work intends to figure out practical ways in which businesses, particularly airline companies, can make a positive impact on the environmental condition and help mitigate the ill-effects of climate change as well as reverse the same through a more sustainable procedure of conducting their business activities. Herein lies the significance of carrying out this study.

1.7 Research Structure

The subsequent sections of the current dissertation are as follows: the second chapter of a dissertation is a literature review. A literature review is a piece of academic writing that demonstrates the academic literature’s knowledge and comprehension of a particular topic in context. A literature review includes a critical evaluation of all the existing materials based on the case (Wang, Zhang and Xu, 2020). Because of this, this is called a literature review instead of a literature report. The primary purpose of the literature review is to summarise and synthesise the arguments and concepts of existing knowledge on the particular topic. In the following section, after the literature review comes research methodology, where all the methods are outlined to give an overview of how the research will be carried out. The primary purpose of the underlying research methodology is to demonstrate the reasoning behind the study’s approach (Smith, 2019). Furthermore, the procedure outlines the cause why the chosen method is suitable for meeting the determined objectives and answering all the research questions in order to make the research successful.

The next section of the literature review is the findings. In the findings, all the principal outcomes of the research, the suggestion, and indications of the project are presented. Findings usually denote the result instead of recommendations and conclusions drawn from it. Hence all the observations, phrases and facts are displayed in the findings section. Discussion is the next section of the findings. Discussion is among the final parts of a research paper where the scholar demonstrates, analyse and interprets the entire findings. It illustrates the significance of that outcome and connects back with the research questions. The primary purpose of the discussion is to demonstrate the importance of the findings (BUENO, 2018). The conclusion is the final section of the dissertation’s writing, which summarises the entire work. Based on the whole study, the researcher tried to make some suggestions and advice to make improvements which are added in the conclusion section. Lastly, a future research scope is added along with recommendations where the limitation of the research is identified in the dissertation.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Climate Change Is a Major Long-Standing Challenge for Aviation

Environmental considerations may have been overlooked in favour of the more pressing issue of financial viability as the Covid-19 outbreak continues to wreak havoc on airlines and airfields. However, the current aviation crisis has resulted in an increased focus on environmental issues, particularly the reduction of carbon emissions. In his view, the feedback EasyJet received from passengers during the Covid crisis was that the airline’s surroundings were still the most important part for airlines to focus on (Ryley et al., 2020). The problem necessitates the use of a wide range of technologies. A less than perfect justification for EasyJet’s commitment to carbon offset is that the airline is now accessible.

As a short-haul airline, the corporation is excited about the hydrogen and electric aeroplane’s predicted future success. An aeroplane powered by hydrogen and electric power has long since been common knowledge. Currently, the corporation is mulling through the logistics of operating such an aircraft. There are a lot of firms that could be interested in the plan, but the company has to start moving forward right away. In order to achieve the authoritarian targets by 2050, aviation has been the major component to create a worldwide framework to reduce discharge (Bows-Larkin et al., 2016). In addition, aviation is a pioneering industry that is known for always improving its skills. The commitment to the environment is sincere and true. The environmental committee must also consider the public and economic benefits of aviation, which were an essential part of the people’s way of life.

In the last ten to twelve months, the urgency of the climate change issue has grown. While airport emissions constitute only a minor portion of the total pie, it must be kept in mind. In addition, the ninety-nine percent of emissions that are airfield significant but do not fit within them must be considered by everyone. Businesses will have to take a step-by-step approach when it comes to airports. SAFs may currently be used in planes, but for a new source of energy like hydrogen, the communications must be generated from the ground up (Williams, 2017). Gasoline, on the other hand, which is more conservative, has less potentials. It may be used for a variety of purposes, including storing renewable energy, producing clean energy, and taking peak loads off the grid. At the airfield, it may also be used in autos. Authorities at airstrips have now seen what it’s like when traffic drops off thanks to Covid.

Since they’ve had to contemplate the possibility of conjecture, they’ve boosted the climate programme. Even after Covid-19, authorities will be required to obtain their permission to recover and develop since climate is still the key point of contention (Terrenoireet al., 2019). In this decade, the aviation industry must take action to reduce carbon emissions. They can either tweak the plane or the oil, depending on the situation. As soon as the electric and hydrogen-powered aeroplanes are introduced, the instant-on sustainable petroleum needs to be considered. Sustainable avionics factors (SAFs) will take centre stage as the aircraft industry begins to improve. SAF is now the only answer to the problem of seventy percent of carbon emissions coming from long-distance travel.

Airports are a part of a larger initiative to reduce the carbon footprint of air travel, and they hope to achieve carbon net-zero airfields by 2033. In addition to saving money, reducing carbon emissions often results in lower costs (Baumeister, 2020). It’s not simply about rearranging airport infrastructure that need to be changed. In addition, the aviation industry may reduce carbon emissions by respecting third-party ground management procedures.

2.2 Influence of Climate Change on EasyJet and Their Carbon Offsetting

EasyJet’s operations and overall company might be affected by climate change in different ways. It’s possible that an increasingly unpredictable environment, such as an increase in tornado frequency and intensity due to climate change, may impact EasyJet’s operations since it will reduce airport capacity management and ground transportation admittance (Hasan et al., 2021). In the event of an increase in postponed or cancelled flights, this might have an adverse effect on EasyJet’s reputation and customer familiarity, which could impact the capacity of the relevant Issuer and the sponsors to meet their obligations. It has also been established that weather change can induce changes in wind flow and jet stream disturbances, which might cause damage and harm to planes and customers, resulting in a negative influence on EasyJet’s customer satisfaction and maintenance (Dimitriou, 2016).

Consumers’ attitudes on environmental and weather issues might shift, which could lead to an increased demand for air travel, negative consequences for airlines that aren’t ecologically conscious, and changes to the rules themselves. There is a chance that this will have a negative impact on EasyJet’s ability to achieve its promises, as well as the procedures, money, and output of the airline.

Either the “Gold Standard” or the “Verified Carbon Standard (VCS)” certification is required for projects in which EasyJet pays a participation fee. This necessitates cooperating with firms like “EcoAct” and “First Climate,” whose offsetting criteria are well-known and recognised across the world. “EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)” or other regulatory requirements, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization’s “Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA),” when appropriate, this is a supplemental and extra carbon offset programme. All EasyJet flights from November 2019 have been carbon offset to the highest possible standards by supporting forestry and renewable energy projects that have been verified to meet the strictest requirements in this industry (easyJet, 2022).

2.3 Carbon Trading Schemes

When a permit holder buys and sells emissions permits, this is known as carbon trading. For the EU, it has been a key pillar in slowing down climate change. It is the EU Emissions Trading System, which is the world’s largest carbon trading system (EU ETS). Brazil and China, despite their challenges and corruption, continue to explore carbon trading as a means of combating growing emissions (Fern, 2014). “Cap-and-trade” is the model employed in all existing carbon trading regimes. As part of a “cap and trade” system, a government or intergovernmental agency establishes an overall legal limit on emissions (the cap) for a particular period of time, and gives a defined number of permits to those emitting the emissions. It is imperative that a polluter have sufficient licences to cover the emissions it produces. One tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) equals one carbon trading permit in current carbon pricing regimes. This model assumes that pollution licences will be auctioned, which means that polluters will have to put a price on their emissions right away and will be rewarded for cutting back on the number of permits they seek (Lockwood, 2017).

In order for emissions trading to operate, an overall cap on the emissions emitted by all participants must be imposed. Thus, the pricing automatically changes to meet this goal. This is by far the most significant benefit over a carbon tax with a set amount. Under emission trading, a polluter who exceeds their limit is forced to acquire the right to emit more. Other entities can buy carbon emissions rights from the entity that produces less emissions. To put it another way, the most cost-effective carbon-reduction techniques would be put into use first. Efforts by governments to achieve their commitments under the Paris Agreement rely heavily on ETS and carbon prices (Roeser and Jackson, 2018). Businesses in the United Kingdom have endorsed carbon trading as a critical instrument for combating climate change, with the assistance of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs). However, a trading strategy is not preferred by all organisations. A carbon tax is a more direct, more transparent, and more successful method than the cap-and-trade scheme, ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson stated in a statement on December 11, 2008. A carbon tax money, he argued, should be utilised to cut other taxes, so that the tax revenue was not lost (Zhang, Liu and Su, 2017).

Planned or implemented measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases might be implemented in one or more of the countries in which EasyJet operates. EasyJet might face a significant financial risk if future carbon payment and/or counterweight prices rise significantly, the cost of further competent equipment increases significantly, or distribution of complementary carbon payments by EU emissions trading systems or other relevant organisations changes (González and Hosoda, 2016). Additionally, EasyJet’s operational flexibility and costs might be affected by these factors, which could have an adverse effect on the company’s financial health as well as on the ability of its sponsors to pay their obligations.

Current and future carbon “cap and trade” schemes all include offset credits in one way or another. Credits are an additional source of pollution allowances that may be purchased from nations or companies beyond the cap. The purchaser’s purchase enables the emitter to exceed the quota on emissions by paying someone else someplace else to lower their emissions rather than (Tol, 2020). It is vital to keep in mind that offsets do not really lower emissions; they just replace them. Carbon offsetting is now being practised by private persons, such as paying a surcharge when booking a flight to offset one’s carbon impact, for instance.

2.4 Impact of Climate Change on The Aviation Industry

The primary acknowledged implications of climate change on aviation include changes in temperature, precipitation, wind, sea level, and tornado patterns. Additionally, climate change is expected to lead to an increase in hunger, a decrease in water and electricity availability, and changes in animal patterns and biodiversity. The results for aviation include a reduction in aircraft presentation, a shift in the outline of demand, probable injury to communications, a loss of capacity, and a disruption of the plan (Zaporozhets et al., 2020). Many in the European aviation industry agree that reducing the impact of climate change on aviation now or in the near future is a must, according to a tardy 2018 study by EUROCONTROL However, around half of the population has yet to begin preparing for the consequences of climate change. Candidates in the aviation industry should take steps to adapt to the consequences of climate change because of well-established economic, company, and governmental reasons (Coffel et al., 2017). Temperature rises are becoming more extreme as a result of climate change.

When the temperature rises, aviation performance is affected, such as the loss of lift, and this has an unintended effect on the size of the airfield. There will also have a negative impact on air freight and collection. For example, heating and cooling requirements and heat damage to runways and taxiways are only a few of the extra effects of temperature change on communications (Valdés and Comendador, 2021). Seasonal and regional demand patterns can also be affected by changes in temperature. Blizzard formation is hesitant, as is the case with many aspects of climate change, but maybe much more so. There is, however, the possibility of an increase in the frequency of well-built tornadoes, particularly in the fall and winter on the “North Atlantic” as well as in “northern and central Europe” (Peeterset al., 2016). In the Mediterranean, a less tropical-like hurricane may be possible, but its strength may increase. As a result, aeroplanes will have to be rerouted, resulting in an increase in fuel glow, damage to communications, and an increase in lightning strikes (with possible consequences for aircraft preservation and costs).

Sea levels in much of Europe are expected to rise proportionally to the global average over a longer time span as a result of climate change. Several portions of Europe might see a sea level rise of almost 0.4 metres by the end of this century if the IPCC’s medium to low discharge scenario holds true. This might lead to a loss of airfield competency, either permanently or temporarily, causing network chaos. Airports’ surface transportation associations might also be affected (Budd and Suau-Sanchez, 2016). There will be additional costs associated with avoiding the consequences, such as an upgraded sea wall, airport reorganisation, and the expansion of auxiliary airfields. A long-term rise in sea levels, however, allowed more time to plan necessary actions.

There is minimal evidence to suggest that climate change is increasing the jet stream’s potency, location, and shape. Planes flying from North America to Europe benefit from a tailwind provided by the jet stream, while those travelling in the other direction are buffeted by the jet stream (Cattaneoet al., 2018). Aircraft are also affected by changes in the jet stream’s speed and path. Clear air confusion is expected to rise in frequency and intensity about twice if the North Atlantic jet stream becomes more intense due to climate change. In addition, it is expected to reduce eastbound travel times, but to increase westbound travel by a greater percentage. As a result of this, the regular round-trip journey time will be extended; the flying duration will be increased; the fuel blaze will be increased; the aircraft will be discharged; and the costs will rise.

Changes in the direction of current winds and increased vertical wind cutoff are two other possible wind-related changes as a result of climate change. In addition, the strong wind momentum may increase in northern parts of central and western Europe, while it is anticipated to decrease in the southern European regions. (Cattaneoet al., 2018). If storms are strong enough, other effects of changing wind flows on aviation could include crosswind effects on airport capability as well as operational commotion. These effects are in addition to increased turbulence in the clear air and increased unpredictability in transatlantic times and steering.

2.5 Actions to Cope Up with Climate Change

Approximately 2.5 percent of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions were attributed to aviation in 2019. Carbon Monitor, an international watchdog, reports that the sector’s carbon emissions plummeted by a historic 48 percent last year, following decades of practically constant strong expansion. When individuals resume their pre-pandemic activities, global energy consumption will rise, which will lead to an increase in emissions (Nugent, 2021). When the European Union announces that it would let vaccinated travellers into the country this summer, airline executives in the United States and other countries with high vaccination rates predict a spike in air travel this year. A global travel ban implemented during the COVID-19 epidemic resulted in government bailouts and job losses at several airlines, while others went bankrupt. But there was one bright spot: a significant reduction in the sector’s carbon emissions for a brief period of time (Nižetić, 2020). The aviation industry now faces a severe challenge: “Is it conceivable for airlines to restore their companies while cutting their emissions long term?” as the post-pandemic lockdowns begin.

Educating workers on how to use meteorological data and how to deal with emergencies will be necessary for businesses, and this knowledge will need to be shared with other firms. Onboard weather recognition expertise will be better used. Cold and heating demands must be measured in airport workstation plans and surface material requirements need to be measured in the landing strip or the runway design. The company must get used to the timetable, both on a regular basis and throughout the day (for example to ensure that superior aircraft can leave at cooler times) (Dimitriou, 2016). In addition to the precautions that may be taken now, more research is required in all places where climate change may adversely affect aviation. This is especially true in the areas of modifying present wind flows and technology for the detection of apparent air turbulence.

Climate change’s impact on aviation is still a subject of debate. It is clear that the environment is changing, and this will unquestionably have a huge impact on the aviation industry. In order to lessen its impact on climate change, the company has a strategy in place, but more might be done (Williams, 2017). However, it has made less progress in the past several years in proving the impact of climate change on aviation. Aircraft employees, airports, air steering service providers, aircraft manufacturers, and air traffic controllers are just a few of the businesses that will need to be involved in the clarification process.

Sustainable Fuel

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is the recommended method for the industry to escape its current emissions crisis. The Air Transport Action Group, a trade organisation, estimates that SAF may reduce aviation emissions by up to 80% if utilised more broadly. As nations roll out COVID-19 recovery packages and climate plans, it has been the subject of a frenzy of lobbying effort, investment, and policy considerations (Yilmaz and Atmanli, 2017).

Behavioural Change

Additionally, the effort to reduce emissions will most certainly be bolstered by an emphasis on individual accountability. Europe’s short-haul air travel market has already been affected by the “flight shame” movement promoted by Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg before to the outbreak. Rutherford argues that the huge shift in views that began in 2019 has not gone away, and that political pressures will continue to increase as the business recovers from COVID (Kambet al., 2021).

Emboldened Government

The aviation industry has previously maintained that the business was too transnational to be governed by any one country before the epidemic. Environmentalists have blasted a global deal to offset future gains in sector 2020 emissions as being too weak to make a difference as the most significant piece of emissions legislation (Altman, 2020). Since airlines have accrued “staggering” levels of debt in the previous year, states that bail them out will have an increasingly active involvement in the industry, offering chances for governments to cooperate with airlines on pledges to reduce emissions (Nugent, 2021). Even as the European Union emerges as one of the world’s leading climate change advocates, EU leaders are considering eliminating a tax exemption on jet fuel for international flights that exists in part because of the difficulties of coordinating taxes between state governments.

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Overview

The term research methodology is associated with the discussion of the particular methods which will be chosen for a research paper. The correct choice of research methodology will help the research to determine the success and overall quality of the research study (Misra, 1989). This part will discuss various parts of research methods, such are research philosophy, theoretical framework, research method, research design, data collection method, data analysis techniques, sampling, research ethics etc. long with a conceptual understanding of these methods will be demonstrated, and a justification behind choosing this method will also be included in this section.

3.2 Research Philosophy

Research philosophy deals with the nature, source and development of knowledge. In simple words, research philosophy is basically a belief regarding the ways in which data will, be collected, analysed, and utilised. Choosing the right research philosophy is necessary as it deals with the specific way of developing knowledge. It is crucial to address as there are many different assumptions regarding the nature of truth, knowledge and philosophy, which assists in understanding the assumptions (Nayak and Singh, 2021). Furthermore, this choice will also leave an impact on the purpose, methodology, design and other methods of the research. There are four types of research philosophy such include pragmatic, positivism, interpretivism and realism. Pragmatic researchers deal with transforming the issue via investigating complicated, interrelated aspects for the purpose of having a better understanding of the situation. The concept of positive claims that the social world can be comprehended in an objective manner.

On the other hand, interpretivism research philosophy admits that the social world can be interpreted in a subjective manner, and the realism research philosophy depends upon the idea of independence of reality from the human mind. Based on the nature of the research, the interpretivism research philosophy has been chosen. Through the application of this research, the researcher will be able to ensure that all the responses are valid and close to the truth (Rinjit, 2020). Along with this, this approach will benefit the research to accept differences among the people and emphasise the meaning. This approach also includes various methods for reflecting different aspects of the problem. Hence choosing this research philosophy will benefit the research to meet the aim efficiently via taking advantage of the research approach.

3.3 Theoretical Framework

The research approach is the plan and procedures which will be undertaken during the research. This spans from the steps and broad assumptions to all the methods of data collection, analysis and interpretation. Generally, the research approach is the general plan and procedure for the conduction of the research. Choosing the right research approach can help the researcher to develop a systematic path in terms of conducting the study and reporting the findings. The research approaches can be divided into three categories such include deductive, inductive and abductive approaches (Kumar, 2018). The deductive approach emphasises testing the validity of the assumptions like theories and hypothesises.

On the other hand, the inductive approach deal with contributes to the emergence of new theories and generalisations. Furthermore, abductive research begins with surprising factor puzzles, and the research process is entirely devoted to explanations. For the conduction of the research, the researcher has chosen the deductive approach. Through the application of the deductive approach, the researcher will be able to explain the causal relationship among concepts and variables and also be able to measure the concepts quantitatively (Pandey and Pandey, 2021). There will also be the possibility to generalise the research findings to a certain extent. Lastly, the researcher will be able to conduct the research quickly as well.

3.4 Research Method

The strategies, methods, techniques and processes followed in the collection of data or evidence for the purpose of analysis with the aim of bringing out new data or developing a better comprehension of the topic is called research method. The process of choosing a research method depends upon the type of data research wants to collect in order to answer the determined research questions. There are mainly three types of research methods which are qualitative, quantitative, quantitative and mixed method. Quantitative research utilises numbers in order to test a hypothesis and make assumptions via using measured amounts, and it describes a via utilising figures (Boeren, 2018). The utilisation of numbers benefits the researcher to use advanced and powerful statistical tests to ensure the results which have a statistical relationship.

The qualitative research method emphasises naturalistic inquiry, which seeks in-depth comprehension of the social phenomena in the natural setting. It emphasises why instead of what of the social phenomena. The mixed-method combines both the elements of qualitative and quantitative research for the purpose of answering research questions (Sahin and Öztürk, 2019). Based on the objectives and nature of the research, the researcher has selected the mixed method for fulfilling the purpose. The application of this research method will benefit the researchers to attain a complete picture than a qualitative study and standalone qualitative as it combines the advantages of both methods. Furthermore, the application of the mixed method will enable the research to answer the research questions sufficiently due to its nature of credibility, contextualisation, and generalizability.

3.5 Research Design

Research design is the overall strategy which is utilised for carrying out the research, which denoted the logical and succinct plan for tackling determining research questions via collection, analysis, interpretation, and discussion of data. Through the help of research design, a researcher is able to hone the methods of research which are suitable for the subject matter and establish the study for success (Sileyew, 2019). The main advantage behind the selection of the right research design is that it offers reliability, accuracy, consistency and legitimacy to the research. Basically, the research design is categorised into 5 different types such are descriptive, correlational, and experimental. Diagnostic and explanatory research design.

In descriptive design, the researcher focus on describing a situation r case under the research study. This is a theory-based research design, which is developed through gathering, analysing and displaying the gathered data. Experimental research design emphasises upon creation of an interrelationship between cause and effect of a circumstance. In correlational research design, the researcher builds a relationship between the two most closely connected variables. It is non-experimental research. In order to conduct this type of research, the researcher requires two or more groups. The researcher tries to find the underlying cause to analyse and evaluate the cause of a particular topic. Through this method, researchers are able to learn more about the aspects which develop troublesome situations. Lastly, the explanatory research design is used to explore ideas and thoughts on a topic to further explore the frameworks (Diaz-Kope, Miller-Stevens and Henley, 2019). This research will be conducted following the explanatory research design, which will benefit the researcher to demonstrate unexplored factors of a topic and details regarding the how what, and why of a research question.

3.6 Data Collection Method

The systematic approach for collecting information accurately from multiple sources for offering insights and answers, such as examining a hypothesis or analysing an outcome, is called the data collection method. The action of choosing data collection is of great significance as it ensures how the researcher will collect the data and how it will be used, and what the explanations will be generated, which is entirely determined by the data collection method. The data collection method is categorised into two categories such include, including primary data collection and secondary data collection method. In primary data collection, the data is not used in the past and is collected from first hand experienced people (Sileyew, 2019). The primary data collection method is further divided into two categories, primary quantitative and primary qualitative. The secondary data collection method looks for existing information, which is collected by someone other than the actual user, which means that the information is already available. Sources of secondary data include articles, magazines, books, newspapers, journals etc.

For collecting data in order to meet the purpose of the research, the researcher will be opting for primary qualitative, primary qualitative and secondary qualitative data collection methods. As primary qualitative, the researcher will conduct a survey; as primary qualitative, an interview will be conducted, and as secondary qualitative, content analysis will be drawn for the research. Doing a survey will benefit the present researcher’s perspective of a large population at a low cost. Conducting an interview will benefit in getting a better understanding of the behaviour and perspective of the subject matter. Lastly, content analysis enables the researcher to conduct the study within less time and money, and the researcher will enable to get better clarification from the existing literature on the topic (Putri and Saputra, 2021). Hence, the application of these methods will enrich the quality of the outcome of the research.

3.7 Data Analysis Technique

Data analysis is the procedure of systemic application of statistical and logical techniques for demonstrating and illustrating, and evaluating data for the purpose of supporting decision making and extracting perspectives (Akinyode and Khan, 2018). The data analysis technique helps a researcher to make an informed decision, and it will also help the researcher to derive useful knowledge of the chosen topic. There are several kinds of analysis methods like regression analysis, statistical analysis, thematic analysis, discourse analysis and narrative analysis. Among these, the researcher has chosen content analysis considering all the benefits which can be helpful for the study. This analysis technique will help the researcher to acquire a systematic procedure, and it is a relatively cheap process (Harrelson, Covey von Pingel and Williamson, 2020).

3.8 Sampling

Sampling is the procedure of selecting a subset of the population who are interested in the research study. In research, a sample is basically a group, items or objects which are chosen from a large population. It is one of the crucial tasks in research which determine the accuracy of the result of the research (Aksakal, Bilecen and Schmidt, 2019). If anything wrong happens with the sample, it will be reflected directly in the final outcome. The selected sample should be representative of the population in order to make sure that the researcher can generalise the findings from the research sample to the population as in a whole.

Sampling can be categorised into four categories such include simple random sampling, cluster sampling, stratified sampling and systematic sampling (Bhardwaj, 2019). Among all these sampling types, the researcher has decided to use simple random sampling as it is simple and is free from bias. This is very simple to use and assessing sampling error is easy through this method. The researcher will conduct a survey among 150 people who have been elected through random sampling techniques, and interviews among 5 managers will be taken to collect data.

3.9 Research Strategy

The research strategy discusses all the step by step procedures undertaken by the researcher to meet the research objective. Firstly, the researcher will conduct a secondary analysis by taking information from various secondary sources, which include books, journals, newspapers, articles etc. (Bobrovskij, 2018). After that, the survey will be conducted through Google form among the 150 participants who have been selected through simple random sampling techniques. After gathering data from the survey, the scholar will conduct an interview among 5 interviewees who are managers of Easy Jet and has been selected randomly, who will ask four questions through email. Lastly, gathering all the data, the scholar will analyse these data through the content analysis technique in order to meet the research aim.

3.10 Ethical Considerations

A collection of values and principles, which need to be maintained while doing any human affairs, is called ethical considerations. In research, these principles ensure that the researcher uses all these practices to impart authentic knowledge and truth and prevent any error. During the interview, transparency and honesty will be maintained by the researcher. In addition to this, the researcher should also explain the purpose of the research to the interviewee (d’Aquin et al., 2018). While conducting the interview, the researcher will ensure by taking actions which will make the interviewee feel comfortable, and confidentiality of the information will be maintained.

During the survey, the researcher will be approached to participate, and informed consent will be taken and ensure voluntary participation and anonymity of the participants (Sileyew, 2019). Furthermore, the privacy and confidentiality of the respondents will be maintained. When it comes to secondary analysis, the researcher will ensure that all the content which will be taken in the research will be attained from reliable sources and will have free access.

3.11 Summary

This part of the methodology has demonstrated all the methods which will be undertaken to make the research successful. Long with this, the justification behind the selection of the method has also been highlighted in this section. Firstly in the methodology section, research philosophy, inductive research philosophy, and research approach deductive approach has been selected. The mixed-method will be the research method, and explanatory research design is the selected research design for the study. Furthermore, as a data collection method, the researcher will opt for primary qualitative, primary qualitative and secondary qualitative data collection methods. As primary qualitative, the researcher will conduct a survey; as primary qualitative, the interview will be conducted, and as secondary analysis as secondary qualitative, content analysis will be drawn by the researcher. In order to analyse data, content analysis will be done, and for sampling, the researcher has chosen simple random sampling through which 150 participants for the survey has also chosen 5 participants for conducting the interview.

Chapter 4: Findings

4.1 Secondary Qualitative Data

3% of the global emission is caused by air travel, and it is considered the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gases as per the report of the International Council on Clean Transportation. There is no denying that the airline industry depends heavily upon single-use plastic, with more than 5 million tonnes of cabin waste made in a single year as per IATA. In the year 2019, when young environmentalist Greta Thunberg decided to cross the Atlantic Ocean on a sailboat to reach COP25 in Chile helped to raise awareness to the rest of the world. Currently, the entire aviation industry is taking a significant step towards making its practices environmentally sustainable (Anwar, 2020).

“Air New Zealand” has implemented a variety of efforts on their planes to decrease single-use plastics. They have pledged to eliminate around “55 million plastic” products from their aeroplanes (Baxter, 2020). To commemorate Plastic Free July, this airline has eliminated single plastic water bottles from its luxury business and economic class seats. The airline organization expects to save 46000 bottles of garbage every year as a result of this programme, as well as cut carbon emissions by more than “300,000 kilos” every year by lowering the weight of the aircraft.

Individual plastic sauce sachets have been withdrawn from business superior compartments on Hong Kong and mainland North American routes and will be removed entirely from the global network “by the end of October” (Baxter, 2020). Consumers will be offered sauce in reusable plates instead of plastic sachets, which is expected to save “200,000 plastic packets” from going to landfills every year. In addition, starting in October, the airline plans to use plant-based coffee cups rather than plastic on all of its global and domestic routes. “Plastic cups”, on the other hand, will be made reusable starting in September. By the completion of the year, 44.5 cups will have been substituted.

SAS has already announced to finish its duty-free sales inflight from this autumn which will help to reduce the overall weight of the aircraft. As a result, help the airline organization reduce fuel and lessen carbon emission. Currently, SAS has focused on two areas to improve its sustainability: one is to improve its fuel efficiency and make innovation and alternative fuels, and the second is to make sustainable products and services (Baxter, 2021). In addition to this, SAS flights will introduce a number of changes to reduce the weight of their aircraft. The airline company has recently announced that they will also offer modern solutions to the passengers for receiving and buying goods in association with the journey.

According to Karl Sandlund, EVP Commercial, the airline organization is to lessen by 25% emission by the year 2030. In this case, sustainable travelling is crucial, and each step of reducing weight will help the firm lessen fuel consumption. As a sustainable initiative, SAS has included fuel-efficient aircraft, which will contribute to reducing emissions and taking initiatives to enhance high-quality biofuel. In this regard, SAS has made a partnership with Airbus to build electric and hybrid aircraft (Sochneva, 2021). The biggest sustainability initiative by the organization is about to be undertaken by SAS is the modernization of its fleet with fuel effective Airbus A320neo.

Hi Fly, a Portuguese charter airline, announced in January that it had completed the world’s first single-use plastic-free flights. On a sequence of full traveller flight tests to and from Brazil, the aviation company has replaced plastic cutlery with bamboo, while bowls, spoons, salt and pepper shakers, bedding, dish wrapping, independent butter pots, soft drink containers, and toothbrushes were supplemented with biodegradable options constructed from renewable materials. The planet’s first “single-use plastic-free flight”, on an “Airbus A340”, flew travellers from “Lisbon to Natal, Brazil,” and was followed by three more 100 per cent single-use plastic-free test flights, as well as a series of 12 lowered plastic journeys among “Lisbon and Porto to Fortaleza, Recife, Maceió, and Salvador” (Thanawarananta et al., 2019).

The whole trail of 16 plastic helped the organization in saving 1500 kg weight of plastics. Basically, plant-based eco alternatives were used in catering disposables made of lower, renewable, recycled materials, which can be easily composted along with food waste. After the flight, all the excess food waste and packing were gathered and delivered to a licenced waste management operator, where they go towards energy production. The airline institution has vowed to reduce their single-use plastic items by the end of the year.

Dubai International airport took the opportunity to join the Plastic Free July Movement by teaming up with Disney Middle East in order to increase awareness of recycling and the necessity of eliminating single-use of plastic. In this regard, the organization has displayed to the passengers how to transform recyclable materials into toys via making their own “Forky” (De Jong, Hoppe and Noori, 2019). According to the airport, the airport authority will take further actions to support the activity of eliminating single-use of plastics.

Singapore Airlines has taken initiatives towards sustainability via lessening food wastage on board. The organization has cut down the use of plastics for their inflight items and grown the use of sustainable ingredients in inflight foods. Customer surveys, data analytics, and employee feedback are presently used by SIA, and it collaborates with its suppliers to prevent food waste following trips (Raynes and Tsui, 2019). The airline has also indicated that it intends to streamline data collecting and expand its use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to accurately identify consumer consumption behaviour and minimize onboard wastage of food.

In a move to create awareness about plastic debris, Etihad Airways declared to be the first aircraft in the United Arab Emirates to run a flight without any single-use plastics on board. The aircraft from Abu Dhabi to Brisbane arrived on Earth Day 2019, April 22nd. According to the airline, over 95% of single-use plastic items have been used in Etihad’s aircraft lounges. Etihad saved nearly 50 kg of plastic from being dumped after removing it from the Earth Day flight. Passengers on the plane were greeted to substitute products from Etihad’s present amenity provider, Buzz, which included sustainable amenity packages, award-winning eco-thread quilts produced from recycled plastic containers, tablet toothpaste, and consumable cups, as well as eco-plush toys for youngsters (Boerner, 2022). The historic flight is part of Etihad’s continued commitment to sustainability, which includes a target to cut single-use plastic waste by 80% by the end of 2022, not only in-flight but throughout the overall company.

Impakter has previously reported on this: there seem to be a number of businesses, many of which are related to significant airline operators, that are working diligently on these ideas. Aviation is being electrified in the same way as automobiles are but at a slower speed. In the future, hybrid and electric aircraft may be capable of replacing “normal” aircraft for short-haul flights. Biofuels generated from biomass like algae, jatropha, and camelina can lower aviation’s carbon emissions by up to 80% (Ansell and Haran, 2020). Nevertheless, the Green Energy European Directive requires biofuel producers to move away from food-based fuel and concentrate purely on trash by-products. Biofuel can be a credible source, including for longer journeys, as the Boeing 777 Eco Demonstrator demonstrates, but considerably more capital is necessary to drop the cost per litre of biofuels.

4.2 Primary Quantitative: Survey

Fig.1: Age

The first question asked in the survey inquired about the age group to which the participants belonged. Based on the responses obtained, it becomes evident that 17.3% of the respondents were of 18-28 years of age; 27.3% were 28-38 years old; 34% of them were 38-48 years old; 15.3% were 48-58 years old, and the remaining 6% of the respondents were above 58 years old. This data evinces that in terms of age, the population of the respondent group was quite varied, which in turn implies that the opinions obtained were not tainted by the biases and prejudices of a certain segment of the population belonging to a particular age group.

Fig.2: Job Experience

The second question of the survey revealed the durations of the respondents’ job experiences. The responses obtained suggest that 16% of the respondent group had an experience of 2-6 years; 34% of the participants had an experience of 6-10 years; 30% of them had a 10-14 years experience of in their jobs, 9.3% of them had 14-18 years of experience and the rest of them, that is, 10.7% of the group had a job experience of more than 18 years. This again suggests that even in regards to the job experience, the population was quite varied, which suggests that the responses of any particular segment having a certain duration of professional experience have not dominated the discourse.

Fig.3: Department

The third question of the survey inquired about the department to which the participants belonged, and in this case, it was found that 22.7% of them were from the operating department; 43.3% of them belonged to the R&D department; 24% of them were from the marketing department, and the remaining 10% were from the department(s) other than these three. It is observable that people from the various field so workers, have been involved in the survey process and also that the opinions of people belonging to different departments have substantiated and broadened the scope of the data generated through the survey process.

Fig.4: Company’s Initiative for Reducing Carbon Emission

The fourth survey question enquired if the employees believed that the company has indeed taken initiatives to reduce carbon emissions in their business activities. In this case, 17.3% of the participants stated that they strongly agreed with this statement, and a staggering 50% of them agreed the same. 14% of the participants chose to stay neutral; 12.7% disagreed with the statement, and 6% of them strongly disagreed with the statement. This implies that the majority opinion is that the company has indeed taken steps towards this end.

Fig.5: Innovations for Reducing Carbon

The fifth survey question intended to know if the employees agreed with the statement that the executives of easyJet have deployed any innovative means to reduce the company’s carbon emissions. In this case, a majority of 58.7% answered the positive; 24.7% were unsure about their opinion, and 16.7% said that they did not think so. This clearly shows that the majority opinion is positive.

Fig.6: Possibility of Successful Carbon Emission Reduction

The sixth of the survey questions is intended to know if the employees agree with the idea that easyJet will get success in the next five years in its carbon reduction initiatives. In this case, also, the company seems to have received favorable opinions, in that 30% of the participants strongly agreed with the idea, and 45.3% of them agreed on the same. 6.7% of the responses were neutral, 14% disagreed with the idea, and a miniscule segment of 4% strongly disagreed with it.

Fig.7: Tactics for Reducing Carbon Emission

The seventh survey question was about the employees’ opinions as to the different kinds of tactics that have been used by the company executives to reduce carbon emissions. From the responses obtained, it becomes clear that 26.7% of the employees thought that it was the tactic of using fuels made from cooking oil, sugar cane, and biomass that the company has employed to reduce its carbon footprint; 32% of the employees believed that it was the use of engines made up of lighter materials and added gears; 26.7% of the population considered that the tactic that as used was the implementation of newer shapes and smaller vertical tail; 8.7% of the population considered that it was 3D printing, and the remaining 6% selected the option “others.” Hence, it is apparent that the employees have diverse views and ideas as to what the company’s steps towards carbon emission mitigation are.

Fig.8: Advancement of Executives

From the responses to the eighth question of the survey process, it is apparent that 33.3% of the employees believed that the executives had fetched advancements in dealing with the challenge of climate change; 44% agreed to the fact. 10 % of the population chose to stay neutral in this case; 9.3% of them disagreed, and 6.7% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the idea. Hence, the general idea among the employees is that the executives have actually witnessed advancements in their efforts.

Fig.9: Strategies and Business Development

The ninth survey question enquired about the opinions of the employees as to whether they believed that the strategic approaches to be taken by the company are appropriate as per their views. In this regard, it was found that 30.7% of the participants strongly agreed with the idea, and another large segment of 42% agreed with the same. 9.3% of them maintained a neutral stance, 11.3% disagreed, and the remaining 6.7% of the participant employees strongly disagreed with the idea. This shows that the positive opinions seem to dominate in this case.

Fig.10: Possible effectiveness of strategies

The last survey question enquired if the employees agreed that the implemented strategic approach would help the company meet the target of 31% carbon reduction. In this case, 32.7% of the respondents strongly agreed, suggesting a positive response, and another 44.7% agreed the same. 11.3% stayed neutral; 9.3% disagreed, and the minority of 2% strongly disagreed with the statement. Therefore, the general perception, as per the gathered data, is that the company’s approaches are most likely to yield positive results and let it accomplish its set objective.

4.3 Secondary Qualitative: Interview

Q1. How your business has impacted due to the uncertain changes in climate?

Interviewee 1: Generally, the temperature change significantly affects the infrastructure, aircraft performance and demand patters within my organisation. Due to the uncertain changes in climate, several time we have been obliged to stop our aircraft performance.

Interviewee 2:Yes, he is right, sometimes the changes in rain and snowfall patterns could increase the rate of delays and cancellations. Thereby, a large number of passengers critically suffers through. Moreover, in England, understand the rainfall pattern is little difficult; due to this, we have faced numerous problems and for this we have been obliged to delay and/or cancel the flights sometimes.

Interviewee 3:Actually, during the aircraft running time, strong storms increase the rate of disruption of our business operation. Sometimes the strong storms are expected; however, sometimes it is unexpected and then we face major difficulties to continue our aircraft performance.

Interviewee 4:Yeah, if you think from other perspective, it will be clear that the rising sea levels also prominently hamper our business by reducing the airport capacity and causing the network disruption. In this way, due to the network disruption, I become failed to effectively communicate with the pilots.

Interviewee 5:Furthermore, the changing patterns of wind sometimes increase turbulence and become the most hampering cause of disruption and effectively hamper and affect the journey. In this way, my company has been obliged to get several threats due to the uncertain change of climate.

Q2. Excepting the threat of climate change, what kinds of challenges you are facing?

Interviewee 1:Mmm… if you asked the challenges excepting only climate change, then I can easily say that the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly hampered the entire aviation industry… and within this, my company has been obliged to stop its business operation in the market.

Interviewee 2:Yes, as per his saying, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic most effectively hampered our entire organisational business operation by stopping or pausing the aircrafts travel. Due to the protocol of lockdown by WHO throughout the world, our business has been strongly hampered and lost its consistency and profitability.

Interviewee 3:Also, we faced the issues due to the increasing rate of carbon emissions. The carbon emission prominently hampered the environmental balance. Therefore, we also take several initiatives for reducing the carbon emission during our organisational business operation.

Interviewee 4:Actually, except all of these threats, airline infrastructure is also a most important threat that we have been obliged to consider during our organisational business operation. Also… sometimes our passengers are not being satisfied with our services. Therefore, we get little reduction in our consumer engagement rate.

Interviewee 5:An increasing rate of competitiveness both in the domestic and international market, we sometime become down to compete with them. Generally, due to having some little lacking within our service packages, sometimes we have obliged to provide effective service with a low cost to our customers like our competitors; therefore, we need to consider different kinds effective and resilient approach for developing our organisational competitiveness.

Q3. What kinds of approaches and strategies you have implemented for tackling the challenges?

Interviewee 1:Generally, we have taken several steps for developing our HR management system. In this way, we will be able to retain and engage most talented and efficient staffs within our organisational business operation process in the domestic and international market.

Interviewee 2:Actually, by implementing different kinds of innovative approaches and advance technological features within our aircrafts, we can significantly reduce and handle the upcoming uncertain threats. For this aspect, you consider our approaches like creatively and innovatively make engines with lighter material, added gear. And 3D printing lightens plane parts also help to reduce the cost of manufacturing to reduce the service cost for competing with our competitors efficiently and successfully.

Interviewee 3:For your information, we also have initiated to make give our planes newer shapes and smaller vertical tail also has been implemented. Through this, it can travel quickly than the existing speed to reduce the time or travelling. Moreover, by making the interior more attractive and effective, we have been able to meet with our consumer’s comfort zone.

Interviewee 4:Moreover, by enhancing the capability fuel storage, we have been able to run our flights a long range with one time fuelling. In this way, we can reduce the expense of fuels to reduce the service charges.

Interviewee 5:By taking sufficient steps to run our aircrafts efficiently we have little been able to reduce the threat for uncertainty and through maintaining the hygiene, we have been able to safely run our flights by reducing the possibility of covid.

Q4.According to you, why the implementation of sustainable approaches is important to tackle the uncertain challenges like climate change?

Interviewee 1:If we do not implement the effective approaches to tackle the uncertain challenges regarding climate change, we will get extensive amount of loss within our business.

Interviewee 2:We all know that the implementation of sustainable approaches is really very important to tackle uncertain challenges… and therefore, by using different effective and resilient sustainable approaches we will be able to proficiently enhance our consumer engagement rate competitiveness and business consistency.

Interviewee 3:Moreover, by using the sustainable approaches, we will be able to reduce the possibility of delays and cancellations.

Interviewee 4:Actually, by utilising and incorporating different sustainable strategic approaches, we will be able to reduce the carbon emission rate, which percentage we have targeted to reduce within five years.

Interviewee 5:Generally, by employing different sustainable strategic approaches, our organisation will be able to efficiently develop the organisational green supply chain management system and undertake different initiatives for maintaining the environmental balance.

Chapter 5: Discussion

The discussion to be presented in this section will critically analyse the corpus of gathered content in a systematic manner in order to ascertain if the set objectives of the research study have been accomplished. The first objective of this study was to examine the relationship between business operations and climate change, and the second objective was to investigate the previous ten years of climate change and their impacts on operations management in the airline business. In this regard, the survey and interview data offer important insights. In the fourth survey question, employees were asked if they thought the organisation had taken initiatives to minimise carbon emissions from its business operations, and the results were mixed. In this case, 17.3% of participants strongly agreed with this assertion, and a surprising 50% of individuals strongly agreed with this statement. Only 14% of participants chose to stay neutral, while 12.7% objected and 6.3% strongly disagreed with the message being made. In other words, a large majority of respondents think the organisation has already begun moving in this direction.

Survey respondents were also asked whether they agreed with the premise that easyJet’s leadership had adopted creative approaches to reduce the company’s carbon footprint. In this case, 58% of respondents said they agreed; 24.7 percent were unsure; and 16.7 percent said they didn’t believe it. This is a clear indication that the majority of people feel this way. Apart from this, temperature change has a significant impact on my organization’s infrastructure, aircraft performance, and demand patterns, according to the first interviewee. Management has had to briefly cease their aircraft’s performance many times due to the unpredictability of climate change. Changes in rain and snowfall patterns might lead to an increase in delays and cancellations, according to the second responder. Because of this, a large number of people are left with life-changing injuries. As a result, they have had to postpone or cancel flights on occasion due to difficulties in comprehending the rainfall patterns in England. Violent storms, says interviewee 3, increase the frequency of easyJet commercial operations being disrupted during the operational duration of the aircraft. Despite the fact that violent storms are predicted from time to time, they might arise unexpectedly, offering a substantial challenge to the control of an aircraft. According to the final respondent, increasing sea levels have a substantial influence on easyJet’s operations by reducing airport capacity and disrupting the airline’s network. Due to the interruption of the network, the management was unable to effectively connect with the pilots. Changes in wind patterns might aggravate turbulence, according to one responder, resulting in a flight being disrupted and affected by it. As a result of climate change, the company has been forced to deal with a variety of threats. The evidence shows that the first and second objectives have been achieved. It is important to note that similar information about the company’s strategies to cope with climate change issues has been found in the works of authors such as Hasan et al., (2021) and Dimitriou (2016).

The second objective of the study was to look at how climate change has affected airline operations management over the last decade. The amassed volume of primary data is crucial in this regard, as well. Several steps have been taken to construct our human resources management system, according to the interviewee. The best and brightest personnel will be attracted and retained by easyJet as it expands its operations both domestically and internationally. Second-party sources claim that the company can considerably reduce and control imminent and unforeseen threats by incorporating various sorts of new procedures and modern technological features into the aircraft. Developing engines with lighter materials and adding gear may be suggested as solutions to this problem. In addition, 3D printing reduces the weight of plane parts, lowering manufacturing and servicing costs and allowing businesses to compete more effectively and profitably with one another. The company has also started redesigning the planes and is using a shorter vertical tail, according to the third interviewee. As a result, the trip will be shorter because of the increased speed. Additionally, the organisation was able to meet the needs of our customers by making the inside more elegant and useful.

According to the fourth manager questioned, by increasing the fuel storage capacity, easyJet was able to enhance the range of its aircraft with one-time refuelling. EasyJet’s fuel expenses will be reduced as a result, which will result in cheaper service fees. Nugent (2021) and Dimitriou (2016) share similar opinions in this regard. Last but not least, the interviewee claims that by making the required investments in aircraft efficiency and hygiene, the firm has been able to greatly reduce uncertainty and ensure the safety of its flights while minimising COVID risk. The preceding data demonstrates that the second objective has been accomplished.

The third goal was to analyse the operational changes needed at easyJet to achieve a 31% reduction in carbon emissions over the next five years, and the fourth was to recommend practises for strategic alignment of operations with identified and assessed climate change impacts.Both of these objectives can be achieved using the secondary qualitative data that has been gathered. According to secondary statistics from the International Council on Clean Transportation, air travel is responsible for around 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the airline industry produces more than 5 million metric tonnes of cabin rubbish each year and is primarily reliant on single-use plastics. Greta Thunberg sailed her sailboat across the Atlantic Ocean to attend COP25 in Chile in 2019 to raise awareness about climate change. Currently, the whole aviation industry is making great progress toward more environmentally friendly practises; this statement is backed by the works of authors such as Nieti (2020) and Kamb et al. (2021).

It is interesting to note that organisations such as “Air New Zealand” have taken a number of steps to reduce the use of single-use plastics on their planes. They have promised to get rid of “55 million plastic” items from their fleet to achieve this goal. In honour of Plastic Free July, plastic water bottles have been removed from this airline’s premium business and economy classes. The airline hopes to remove 46,000 bottles from landfills per year and save more than 300,000 kilogrammes in carbon emissions by reducing the aircraft’s weight.

Individual plastic sauce packets have been removed from business class compartments on Hong Kong and mainland North American flights, and will be taken out altogether “by the end of October.” Customers will get sauce on reusable plates rather than plastic sachets, saving “200,000 plastic packets” from landfills each year. In addition, starting in October, all international and domestic flights will use plant-based coffee cups rather than plastic mugs. Reusable “plastic cups,” on the other hand, will be available beginning in September. By the end of the year, 44.5 cups will have been used in lieu of the originals.

SAS has previously declared that it will stop selling duty-free items in-flight this autumn, which will help lower the aircraft’s total weight. contribute to a decrease in aircraft fuel consumption and carbon emissions. This company’s sustainability activities are divided between improving fuel economy and researching new and alternative energy sources, as well as developing more environmentally friendly goods and services for its consumers. SAS flights will modify their flight numbers to reduce the weight of their aircraft. According to the airline, passengers will be able to receive and purchase products throughout their flights.

Karl Sandlund, the airline’s executive vice president and chief commercial officer, has set this goal. In this scenario, environmentally friendly travel is critical, and every effort made to minimise weight would assist the firm in lowering its fuel use. SAS has a comprehensive environmental strategy that includes fuel-efficient aircraft and steps to promote the use of high-quality biofuel to help cut emissions. SAS has partnered with Airbus on the development of electric and hybrid aircraft. The replacement of SAS’s old planes with the fuel-efficient Airbus A320neo is poised to begin.

Hi Fly, a Portuguese charter airline, said in January that it had completed the world’s first non-single-use plastic flights. A set of complete traveller flight testing to and from Brazil includes biodegradable bowls, spoons, salt and pepper shakers, bedding, dishcloths, independent butter pots, soft drink containers, and toothpaste. The first single-use plastic-free journey was made between “Lisbon and Natal in Brazil,” followed by three further 100 percent plastic-free test flights and a series of 12 reduced-plastic excursions from “Lisbon and Porto to Fortaleza, Recife, Maceio, and Salvador. The sixteen-bottle trail helped the organisation save 1500 kg of plastic in total. Catering disposables were created using ecologically friendly plant-based materials to give low-cost, recyclable materials that may be composted with food waste. It was then sent to a licenced waste management company, which converted it into power using food waste and packaging. By the end of the year, the airline has promised to stop using single-use plastic products.

Other than these, Dubai International Airport partnered up with Disney Middle East as part of the Plastic Free July campaign to raise awareness about recycling and the need to eradicate single-use plastics. The organisation, among other things, taught travellers how to build “Forky” toy kits by showing them how to make their own. The airport will take further steps to help in the effort to decrease single-use plastics. Singapore Airlines has decreased on-board food waste as a step toward sustainability. When it comes to onboard products, the airline has made a conscious effort to reduce the use of plastic and replace it with more natural materials. To decrease food waste after journeys, SIA now relies on customer surveys, employee data analytics, and partnerships with its suppliers. The airline has also stated that it plans to streamline data collection and extend its use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to better anticipate passenger food consumption and decrease onboard food waste.

In order to raise awareness about plastic pollution, Etihad Airways has announced that it would be the first UAE carrier to fly without any single-use plastics. The plane from Abu Dhabi to Brisbane arrived on April 22, 2019, Earth Day. According to the firm, single-use plastic goods have been used in virtually all of the airline’s lounges. By removing plastic from the Earth Day flight, Etihad avoided around 50 kg of plastic being thrown away. The scholars Altman (2020) and Nugent (2021) have also mentioned such practises being taken up by major airline companies in their works. Etihad’s current amenity provider, provided eco-plush toys for children, award-winning eco-thread blankets made from recycled plastic containers, tablet toothpaste, and consumable cups for passengers to enjoy as they boarded. One of Etihad’s ongoing environmental projects aims to reduce single-use plastic garbage by 80% in-flight and across the entire company by the end of 2022.

The secondary data also reveals that, according to Impakter, a news site, companies associated with big airlines appear to be working hard on these ideas. Aviation, like vehicles, is transitioning to electric power, but at a slower pace. When it comes to short-haul travel, “traditional” planes may be phased out in favour of hybrid or electric planes. Aviation’s carbon footprint can be reduced by up to 80% with biofuels made from algae, jatropha, and camelina. Even so, the EU’s Green Energy Directive mandates that biofuel manufacturers abandon food-based fuels in favour of waste by-products as their only source of biomass. The Boeing 777 Eco Demonstrator demonstrates that biofuel is a feasible source of fuel for long-haul flights, but it will take a huge amount of effort to considerably reduce the cost per litre of biofuel.

Therefore, based on the results of the data analysis, it is understandable that by analysing the gathered research data, acquired using the chosen methods of survey, interview, and secondary data, each of the four objectives has been accomplished and the research question has also been addressed.

Chapter 6: Conclusion, Recommendations and Future Research Scope

Conclusion

From the data analysis procedure, it has been found that the determined research aim has been met, and all the questions were addressed through the collected data. The first objective of the research was to analyze the interconnection between climate change and business operations. In this case, the survey and interview have offered insight regarding the objective. From the findings of the survey, it has been found that the large majority of employees agreed that the organization had taken sufficient initiative to reduce carbon emissions. The majority of the employees have also supported the fact that EasyJet’s leadership has taken a creative approach to reduce its organizational carbon footprint.

Collected data has also displayed that temperature change impacts significantly on the infrastructure, demand patterns, and aircraft patterns. There were several times when the management needed to stop the aircraft’s performance because of the unpredictability of climate change. Because of rainfall and snowfall, flights face long delays and cancellations, and Due to difficulties in understanding the patterns of rainfall, the organization has faced issues of postponing and canceling flights. Violent storms contribute to the increasing frequency of easyJet commercial operation, which creates disruption in the aircraft’s operational duration. Apart from this aspect, often violent storms come unpredictably, which develop a substantial challenge for the operation of EasyJet and create disruption in the network of EasyJet. Network interruption causes the management to work ineffectively, which makes it challenging to connect with the pilots. Change in wind patterns has also caused disruption and hugely affected the flight.

The second objective was to understand the ways how climate has impacted airline operation management over the last decades. All the primary data has worked in proving the argument. EasyJet has initiated a number of steps for contrasting its human resource management system. In this regard, EasyJet has attracted all the best, and bright employees as the firm have focused on expanding globally and domestically. The collected data has displayed that the firm has already gained control of imminent and unforeseen threats through embracing different technological procedures and features within their aircraft.

They have developed engines with light materials and have also added gear which is the main solution to this challenge. In addition to all these, the airline organization has also focused on redesigning the airline planes with a shorter and vertical tail. Consumers will enjoy shorter trips due to the blessing of increased speed. The fourth manager has revealed that Easy has enhanced their aircraft with one-time refueling, which has increased fuel storage capacity. When the fuel expense is reduced, services will be cheaper. Huge investment in aircraft efficiency and hygiene will benefit them to ensure the safety of all flights, which will also reduce uncertainty.

The third aim of the study was to analyze the operational changes required for EasyJet to attain a 31% reduction in carbon emission within 5years and the fourth objective was to suggest practices to align with the identified climate change effects. Secondary qualitative data has proven both of the aims. 3% of the global greenhouse gas has been produced by airlines. Due to the rising awareness among the people regarding pollution, the entire airline industry is taking a number of initiatives towards embracing environmentally friendly practices. Air New Zealand has implemented several actions for lessening us of single plastic in their flights. The airline organization has decided to reduce 55 million plastic items from its fleet to attain its sustainability goal.

From their premium and economy classes, the airline organization has removed bottles in honor of Plastic Free July. Furthermore, Air New Zealand hopes to remove 46,000 bottles from landfills every year. In addition to this, Plastic sauce packets have been removed, and in place of plastic sauce packets, customers will be served the sauce on reusable plates in the business class cabins on Mainland North American flights and Hong Kong, which will save 200,000 plastic packets from landfill every year. SAS flights, the purpose of reducing the overall weight of the aircraft, have decided to stop their duty-free items in flight which will benefit in reducing fuel consumption and carbon emission. A number of flights have been modified to reduce aircraft weight.

Hi Fly is the first airline that has completed for the first time non-single use plastic flights. The first single-use plastic-free flight flew between Lisbon and Natal, Brazil. 1500 kg plastic bottles have been saved by the sixteen-bottle trail. The use of plant-based materials and recyclable materials which can be composted with foods has helped the firm reduce costs. Furthermore, Dubai International Airport has led a campaign to raise awareness about recycling and the need to remove single-use plastic, partnered with Disney Middle East. Singapore Airlines has reduced food waste as a part of sustainability. In terms of onboard products, the airline organization has reduced plastic waste by using natural materials in the onboard products. Hence, it is perceivable that using the chosen methodology, the researcher has successfully been able to meet all the four determined objectives of the research.

Recommendations

To make the aircraft organization environmentally sustainable, Easy Jet must embrace these approaches to reduce the negative impact on the climate. Plastic has become a great concern for the environment. Plastic stick around the world for ages which contribute to global warming (MacLeod et al., 2021). It is estimated that there are three trillion pieces of plastic floating in the oceans of the world. In this regard, the airline organization Easy Jet should focus on becoming a plastic-free flight by cutting down their use of plastic.

In this regard, the organization should launch sustainable amenity kits like toothbrushes, plastic bottles which are made of bioplastic, in place of earplug wrappings, the organization can use was paper, and all the slippers can be made of recycled PET bottles, which will help Easy Jet to reduce a large amount of plastic waste each year which will further help the organization to reduce landfill annually (Baxter, Srisaeng and Wild, 2021). Easy Jet should also emphasize reducing its overall aircraft weight, which will help the firm to reduce its carbon footprint. In place of plastic sauce packets, Easy Jet airlines should serve their customers reusable dishes, which will prevent them from making 200,000 plastic packets contribute to landfills every year. In place of coffee cups made of plastics, the airline can use coffee cups made of plants on their domestic and international flights.

Another area that can contribute to this campaign of sustainability is fuel efficiency. In this regard, there are some changes that need to be initiated, like introducing fuel-efficient aircraft which will reduce carbon emissions. The airline organization needs to make partnerships with major organizations like Airbus for developing hybrid aircraft and electric aircraft. Besides, Easy air needs to focus on the area of development of electric aircraft, which reduces the use of biofuel (Schäfer et al., 2019). Along with this, the organization will also enjoy a lower cost of electric energy in comparison to aircraft fuel which possesses zero in-flight emission potential in the long term. These planes also reduce noise by 70% and exhaust emissions in comparison to combustion engines.

Lastly, awareness is another component that is very necessary after all the environmentally sustainable initiatives. Easy Jet should encourage awareness among the consumers regarding recycling and the aware customers regarding the need to eliminate single-use of plastics. Passengers should be informed how to transform recyclable materials into toys which will be a fun activity for the children.

Future Research Scope

The future research scope displays the combination of research limitations and the conclusion chapter. The particular study has focused on discussing the impact of climate change and operation management of Easy Jet. The discussion has drawn out emphasized the particular aircraft organization Easy Jet which has limited the research to examine the entire airline industry. In future research, the researcher must discuss other crucial organizations existing in the airline industry and conduct a comparative study among these organizations to understand better the conditions that need to be analyzed in future research works.

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