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University of Roehampton
Harvard Referencing
Style Guide
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Contents
Introduction: What is referencing?……………………………………………………….. 5
What is referencing, and why should I do it? ……………………………………………. 5
Avoiding plagiarism………………………………………………………………………. 5
Forms of plagiarism and collusion……………………………………………………….. 6
Which referencing style do I use? ……………………………………………………….. 7
University of Roehampton Harvard Referencing Style Guide……………………………. 7
Section 1: Citations ……………………………………………………………………….. 8
Types of citations: Paraphrasing ………………………………………………………… 8
Types of citations: Quoting ……………………………………………………………… 8
How to set out citations in your text ……………………………………………………. 8
Conventions for quotations………………………………………………………………. 9
Punctuation and Quotations……………………………………………………………… 9
Turnitin…………………………………………………………………………………..10
Example paragraph with in-text citations……………………………………………….10
Examples of in-text citation: single author ……………………………………………..11
Examples of in-text citation: two authors ………………………………………………11
Examples of in-text citations: three or more authors…………………………………..11
Section 2: Bibliography or Cited Works/Reference List…………………………………12
Example reference list:………………………………………………………………….13
Formatting references for different resource types ……………………………………14
Books & ebooks………………………………………………………………………….14
Book with one author ……………………………………………………………………14
Book with two authors …………………………………………………………………..14
Book with more than two authors……………………………………………………….14
Book with editor …………………………………………………………………………14
Chapter in edited book ………………………………………………………………….14
Electronic book (ebook) …………………………………………………………………15
Ebook on reader, Kindle, Sony ebook……………………………………………………15
Book revised and updated by a different author………………………………………..15
Book republished with a different title………………………………………………….15
Religious texts…………………………………………………………………………..16
Dictionaries/encyclopaedias, individual entry …………………………………………16
Literary Works…………………………………………………………………………..17
Reprints of Literary Works……………………………………………………………….17
Poem/play within an anthology …………………………………………………………17
Edited play……………………………………………………………………………….17
The Classics………………………………………………………………………………17
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Foreign language works ………………………………………………………………..18
Translated work………………………………………………………………………….18
Works in other languages………………………………………………………………..18
Works in other alphabets ………………………………………………………………..18
Works in dual languages …………………………………………………………………18
Journals, magazines & newspapers ……………………………………………………19
Article from print journal ……………………………………………………………….19
Article from electronic journal ………………………………………………………….19
Article from online journal with DOI…………………………………………………….19
Article from newspaper or magazine ……………………………………………………19
Thesis, conference proceedings, presentations & lecture materials ………………..20
Thesis/Masters Dissertation, online……………………………………………………..20
Conference Proceedings, individual paper………………………………………………20
Presentations…………………………………………………………………………….20
Lecture/module materials ………………………………………………………………20
Webpages and Social Media…………………………………………………………….21
Website ………………………………………………………………………………….21
Wiki/Wikipedia…………………………………………………………………………..21
Blog ………………………………………………………………………………………21
Facebook…………………………………………………………………………………21
Twitter …………………………………………………………………………………..21
Government publications, Acts, papers & reports ……………………………………22
UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) ………………………………………………………..22
Command Papers (White & Green Papers)………………………………………………22
Government publications………………………………………………………………..22
Reports from other organisations………………………………………………………23
Publications of international organisations ……………………………………………..23
Research report………………………………………………………………………….23
Ofsted report…………………………………………………………………………….23
Company Annual Report …………………………………………………………………23
British Standards………………………………………………………………………..24
Book Reviews ……………………………………………………………………………24
Archive materials ……………………………………………………………………….24
Visual sources …………………………………………………………………………..25
Diagrams, tables and illustrations……………………………………………………….25
Paintings/drawings in gallery ……………………………………………………………25
Paintings/drawings seen online………………………………………………………….26
Photography, personal collection ……………………………………………………….26
Photography, online……………………………………………………………………..26
Posters & Pamphlets …………………………………………………………………….26
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Ordnance Survey Maps …………………………………………………………………..26
Audio-visual……………………………………………………………………………..27
Film, viewed at cinema/DVD ……………………………………………………………27
Film, viewed online ……………………………………………………………………..27
Television programme/series ……………………………………………………………27
Extract from a television programme……………………………………………………27
Episode from a TV series, viewed on TV/DVD/online …………………………………..28
Radio programmes……………………………………………………………………….28
Interview, Broadcast …………………………………………………………………….28
Audio, CD ………………………………………………………………………………..28
Audio, track from CD…………………………………………………………………….29
Song lyrics ……………………………………………………………………………….29
Classical recording……………………………………………………………………….29
Music score ………………………………………………………………………………29
Audio download ………………………………………………………………………….29
Youtube ………………………………………………………………………………….30
Podcast…………………………………………………………………………………..30
Audiobook………………………………………………………………………………..30
Live performances………………………………………………………………………31
Play ………………………………………………………………………………………31
Classical Music …………………………………………………………………………..31
Dance…………………………………………………………………………………….31
Programme notes ………………………………………………………………………..31
Public communications …………………………………………………………………32
Press release …………………………………………………………………………….32
Television advertisement………………………………………………………………..32
Personal communications ………………………………………………………………32
Emails/text messages/faxes …………………………………………………………….32
Interviews, in person…………………………………………………………………….32
Section 3: Common citing and referencing issues……………………………………….33
Multiple authors and ‘et al.’ …………………………………………………………….33
No author ………………………………………………………………………………..33
Referencing multiple sources by the same author………………………………………33
Referencing multiple pages from the same author ……………………………………..34
No date…………………………………………………………………………………..34
Reprint, copyright or published date ……………………………………………………34
Published, printed or produced by………………………………………………………34
Multiple places of publication …………………………………………………………..34
Referencing confidential material ………………………………………………………35
Citing a source within another source: secondary referencing …………………………35
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Introduction: What is referencing?
What is referencing, and why should I do it?
As members of the University of Roehampton you are part of an academic community and
as such it is essential that you make yourself familiar with the conventions of academic
writing. Every member of the academic community, staff and student alike, is expected to
follow these academic conventions in any piece of work they produce. In academic writing
referencing is one of these conventions. Referencing is used to acknowledge the use of
other people’s work and ideas in your own work. It also allows the reader to locate the
information you have used, so you must identify these sources by including the following:
1. Citation: quoting or paraphrasing sources in body of your text. This is often
referred to as in-text citation. It usually provides brief information e.g. author,
date and page numbers. See page 8 for more information.
2. Reference list/Bibliography: an alphabetically list of the sources used in your
work. Full details of the sources are given. See page 12 for more information.
Avoiding plagiarism
Plagiarism occurs when attempting to present another person’s work as your own. When
you include the arguments, ideas, or theories of someone else without referencing them,
or use the exact words they have used and present them as your own argument, then this
is considered plagiarism.
These can be written words or ideas, an artefact, musical composition, choreography,
image or string of computer code etc…, depending on your programme of study. The term
plagiarism is derived from the Latin Plagiarius, which means kidnapper. Plagiarism in
written work can occur intentionally (e.g. you copy a section from a book without
referencing it) or unintentionally (e.g. you paraphrase another person’s work or ideas but
fail to acknowledge them as the source).
A lack of awareness of the rules of referencing is not an acceptable excuse for plagiarism
so please double check all of your quotations and paraphrases and make sure every source
is listed correctly in your bibliography/reference list.
Please note: just changing one or two words somewhere in the quotation does not mean it
becomes your own work and you do not need to reference it. This is still a form of
plagiarism.
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The University of Roehampton takes plagiarism very seriously. The following is taken from
Section 5 of the Student Disciplinary Regulations:
a) No student shall represent the work of another person as his or her own in
any academic material submitted for assessment.
b) No student shall contribute any work to another student with the knowledge
that the latter may submit the work in part or whole as his or her own.
The university has a number of systems in place to assist in detecting plagiarism in
student’s work including software, such as Turnitin. Turnitin provides an originality report
each time a student submits an assignment. The report can be used to detect potential
matches in an assignment submission with a wide range of online materials including
websites and ebooks and other student’s work. The matches can then be checked by
tutors to assess whether plagiarism has taken place.
Forms of plagiarism and collusion
a) Using sentences, parts of sentences, or larger pieces of text without attributing
them. This includes cutting and pasting sections from websites.
b) Citing the name of an author but not making clear which words are the author’s and
which are yours.
c) Mixing and matching parts of sentences to create new ones: if you use recognisable
phrases that are not your own then you are plagiarising, unless the phrases need to
be there to retain the meaning (e.g. jargon words from your discipline).
d) Using unattributed sentences with sporadic words changed.
e) Quoting inaccurately. Even if you cite the author and source and put the quote in
inverted commas if you do not reproduce a quote faithfully (word for word), then
you have plagiarised.
f) Failing to list all of the sources used in your essay in your bibliography or cited
works/reference list. All websites visited, radio/television programmes watched as
well as books and journals read, should be included (see the section entitled
Bibliographies or Cited Works/Reference List for more information).
g) Writing a piece of work with another student (unless this is group work).
h) Submitting a piece of work written in whole or in part by someone else.
i) Paying to have a piece of work written by someone else.
j) Resubmitting part of or a whole assignment you have previously submitted. Even if
this is your own work, the university considers this to be plagiarism as each piece
of work you submit must be original.
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Quoting very long passages (unless the point being made is particularly complex and needs
an extensive quotation) is not exactly plagiarism but it is poor practice. Roehampton does
not accept any of the reasons below as excuses for plagiarism:
a) Lack of time/poor time management.
b) Not understanding the nature of plagiarism. First, if you do any of the things listed
above you have plagiarised. Second, if you are in any doubt consult your tutor
before submitting an essay: they will be happy to offer you advice.
c) Not being able to complete or not understanding a piece of work.
d) Muddled notes leading to confusion between original material and quotes.
Which referencing style do I use?
This information should be provided to you by your programme so make sure you have
checked your module/programme handbook first. If it is still not clear which style you
should be using the table below is provided for guidance but it is still advisable to check
with your tutors before writing your first assignment.

University of Roehampton Harvard Referencing Style Guide
There is no universal Harvard Referencing style. Harvard referencing is an adaptable style
used by many universities across the world; therefore you can potentially access a number
of different Harvard guides online. At the University of Roehampton we recommend you
use the style in this guide only.
Some departments in the university may have their own variations to this guide, e.g.
Humanities. Always check with your department, programme or module guides for further
clarification.
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Section 1: Citations
Types of citations: Paraphrasing
When you include the arguments, ideas, or theories of anyone other than yourself in your
assignment and put them into your own words, this is called paraphrasing. Paraphrasing
can be used in a number of situations in your essays:

Whenever you paraphrase, you will need to acknowledge the source you originally
obtained the information from. If you do not include an acknowledgement or it is
incorrectly, then this is plagiarism.
Types of citations: Quoting
You might be more familiar with this element of referencing. When you include the exact
words of someone else’s work in your essay you are quoting. You must indicate that the
words you are using are not your own. To do this, use ‘single inverted commas’ around
the words you are quoting (“speech marks” are usually used for quoting direct speech).
Some departments have their own preference, so always check for further clarification.
How to set out citations in your text
With each quotation or paraphrase that appears in your assignments there must be some
acknowledgement of where that information came from. In academic writing we call this
acknowledgement ‘a citation’. The form the citation takes will vary depending on the type
of referencing style you are using. In the Harvard referencing style, for example, we use
an in-text citation i.e. the citation appears within the sentences and paragraphs of your
assignment. This citation is a brief summary of the source used, noting the author’s
surname and/or a date/page number depending on the style you are using, surrounded by
round brackets (parentheses).
The standard format for in-text citation is as follows:

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Conventions for quotations
When quoting from sources within your text, use the following conventions:

new paragraph with no quotation marks. Indent the quote on the left-hand side and
use single spacing between the lines, e.g.
Conjunctions have the semantic role of indicating in which way the new
information links to the previous sentence. It may be additional (additive),
conflicting (adversative), explanatory (causal) or simply the next thing that
is to be said on the subject (continuative).
(Smith, 1985:150)
The citation can come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence containing the
quotation or paraphrase. For readability, there is no need to repeat the author’s name if
you have already mentioned it in the sentence, you can just cite the date and the page
number/s in brackets.
Punctuation and Quotations
It is very important that you do not forget to punctuate your sentences when you are
quoting or paraphrasing. The simplest way to make sure you have punctuated your
sentence correctly is to remember that the punctuation within the quotation does not
count towards the punctuation in the sentence. The full stop must always be placed on
the outside of the last bracket, e.g.
 Correct: Smith (2008:43) argues that ‘it is essential to punctuate your sentences
correctly’.
 Incorrect: Smith (2008:43) argues that ‘it is essential to punctuate your sentences
correctly.’
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Example paragraph with in-text citations
Acker (2006), however, argues that all work organizations have ‘inequality regimes’ that
are fluid and reflect patterns of inequality in the surrounding society, but they are not
always visible to all members. While the culture of early education is clearly gendered and
feminized, Williams (1992) notes that white men teachers experience a ‘glass escalator’,
elevated into higher positions such as administration. The same does not hold true for
black men, who experience a ‘glass barrier’ in feminized occupations, and are often met
with hostility and racism from patients and coworkers (Wingfield, 2009). In many cases,
black male nurses were exposed to frontstage race behaviors (Picca and Feagin, 2007).
These studies demonstrate that racial and gender privilege in professional occupations is
fluid and varies depending on the organization, even if individuals perform similar duties.
Turnitin
Most modules at the university now require you to submit your work to a Turnitin
assignment inbox via Moodle. Turnitin provides an originality report when you submit your
assignment. The report can be used to find instances of matched text across a wide range
of online materials including journals, ebooks and websites as well as student submissions
from other Universities including Roehampton. Turnitin is only a tool and as a student, you
should carefully look through the report and ensure that any highlighted segments are
correctly cited and referenced, whatever the similarity score (a high similarity score does
not mean that plagiarism has occurred and a low score does not mean it has not
occurred). All the report is showing is that similar text has been found elsewhere. If you
are unsure, then consult your tutor, an Academic Achievement Adviser or a Subject
Librarian. You can find more advice about Turnitin as well as a test submission area via
the Turnitin Test Site which is available in your Moodle module list.
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Examples of in-text citation: single author

Examples of in-text citation: two authors
Display the surnames and initials of both authors in your text, e.g.
(Pears & Shields, 2008) or Pears, R. & Shields, G. (2008)
Examples of in-text citations: three or more authors
You only need to list the surname of the first author followed by the words ‘et al.’, e.g.
(Mabey et al., 1998:50).
However, in bibliography/reference list you must acknowledge every author, e.g.
Mabey, C. Salaman, G., & Storey, J. (1998) Strategic human resource management: a
reader. London: Sage.
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Section 2: Bibliography or Cited Works/Reference List
In-text citations are just a quick summary of which source you have used. A bibliography
or cited works list provides full details of each source you have used in your essay in
alphabetical order. The details you need to provide will vary depending on the type of
sources you have used, but may include information such as the place of publication and
publisher, the full web address, the original broadcast date and the date the source was
accessed. Full details of how to cite each type of source in your bibliography can be found
in this section.
Please note that some tutors will ask you to produce bibliography, while other tutors will
ask for cited works/reference list. The difference is:
 Bibliography: a list of all of the sources you have looked at to help you compile the
essay even if you have not made direct mention to them in the text. This can
include sources you have read but not actually quoted from or paraphrased in your
work.
 Cited works /reference list: a list only includes sources you have directly quoted
or paraphrased in your work.
If you are unsure which type of list your tutor is expecting, it is a good idea to double
check with them before you begin writing your essay.
Your bibliography or cited works/reference list should be laid out as neatly as possible so
it is easy for your tutor to find the full details of each source you are referring to. Choose
a clear font in an easy to read size (at least size 12). Space out each entry with a line in
between each one and alphabetise the list from A-Z (some tutors may require you to
arrange your references into separate sections, e.g. putting all websites at the end, or
separating children’s books from the rest of the list, so it is important to confirm with
your tutor what they require before you compile your list).
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Example reference list:
Ball, C. & Gettinger, M. (2009) Monitoring children’s growth in early literacy skills.
Education & Treatment of Children. 32(3) pp.189-212. Available at:
http://web.ebscohost.com (Accessed: 15/06/09).
Butroyd, R.(2008) Relationships with children and young people. In: Denby, N. (ed.) How
to Achieve your QTS: A Guide for Students. London: Sage. pp.25-46.
Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000. Elizabeth II. (Chapter 16) London: The Stationery
Office.
Cooper, H. (2002) History in the Early Years. (2nd ed.) London: Routledge.
McGoldrick, T. (2007) Email to Joyce Millan. 7th September.
NSPCC (2009) Signs of Safety® in England. Available at:
http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/signs-of-safety-pdf_wdf94939.pdf
(Accessed: 14/08/14).
Shakespeare, W. (1967) All’s Well that Ends Well. Edited by Edwards, P. London:
Routledge.
Should I eat meat? How to feed the planet. Horizon. [Television programme]. Directed by
Lachmann, M. UK: BBC2. Broadcast: 20/08/14. 60mins.
Note: where there is no author/editor/corporate author etc. the entry is listed by title of
the work and ordered alphabetically within the list.
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Formatting references for different resource types
Books & ebooks
Book with one author
Author (Year) Title of Book. (Edition – if not first edition.) Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Cooper, H. (2002) History in the Early Years. (2nd ed.) London: Routledge.
Book with two authors
Author & Author (Year) Title of Book. (Edition – if not first edition.) Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Example: Chazan, M. & Laing A. F. (1982) Children with Special Needs. Milton Keynes:
Open University Press.
Book with more than two authors
Author, Author & Author (Year) Title of Book. (Edition – if not first edition.) Place
of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Goodman, S., Lillis, T., Maybin J. & Mercer, N. (2003) Language, Literacy and
Education: A Reader. Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books.
Book with editor
Editor (ed.) (Year) Title of Book. (Edition – if not first edition.) Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Example: Atkinson, D. (ed.) (1989) The Children’s Bookroom: Reading and the Use of
Books. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books .
Chapter in edited book
Author (Year) Title of chapter. In: Editor (ed.) Title of Book. (Edition – if not first
edition.) Place of Publication: Publisher. Pages.
Example: Butroyd, R.(2008) Relationships with children and young people. In: Denby, N.
(ed.) How to Achieve your QTS: A Guide for Students. London: Sage. pp.25-46.
In-text citation: Use the author of the chapter, e.g. (Butroyd, 2008)
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Electronic book (ebook)
Author (Year) Title of Book. (Edition – if not first edition.) Place of Publication:
Publisher. Available at: URL (date Accessed).
Example: Broadhead, P., Meleady, C. & Delgardo, M.A. (2008) Children, Families and
Communities: Creating and Sustaining Integrated Services. Maidenhead: Open University
Press. Available at: http://www.dawsonera.com (Accessed: 12/06/09).
Ebook on reader, Kindle, Sony ebook
Author (Year of ebook publication) Title of Book. (Edition – if not first edition.)
[Name of ebook reader] Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Mills, P. (2007) The Routledge Creative Writing Coursebook. [Kindle edition]
Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
Note: Page numbering on ebooks may vary from the hardcopy or be absent altogether. Instead, use
section numbers or section titles, where available, to indicate the location of any quotations, e.g.
(Mills, 2007, Section 1.1).
Book revised and updated by a different author
Original author (Original Date) Title of Book. (Edition – if not first edition.) Revised
and updated by Name of author who has updated the work (Date of revised
edition) Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Docking, J. W. (1996) Managing Behaviour in the Primary School. (3rd ed.)
Revised and updated by MacGrath, M. (2002) London: David Fulton.
Book republished with a different title
Author (Year) Current Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher (Originally
published as: Original Title of Book. First published: Date).
Example: Horowitz, A. (2003) Return to Groosham Grange, London: Walker Books
(Originally published as: The Unholy Grail. First published: 1999).
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Religious texts
Editor (ed.)(Year) The Bible/Qur’an/Koran/Torah: edition in italics. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Example: Carrol, R. & Prickett S. (eds.) (1997) The Bible: Authorised King James Version
with Apocrypha. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
In-text citation: include the book, chapter and verse(s), e.g.
Ecclesiastes 2:4) – this refers to Ecclesiastes chapter 2, verse 4.
(1 Corinthians 15:55-57) – this refers to St Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians, Chapter
12, verses 55-57.
Dictionaries/encyclopaedias, individual entry
Author (Year) Title of Entry. In: Title of the Book. (Volume). Place of publication:
Publisher.
Example: Oitzl, M. S., (2007) Avoidance. In: Encyclopaedia of Stress. (Vol.1).Boston:
Academic Press.
In-text citation: use the author of entry, e.g. (Oitzl, 2007)
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Literary Works
Reprints of Literary Works
Author (Date of reprint). Title of Work. Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Austin, J. (1975) Pride and Prejudice. London: Folio.
In-text citation: If you did not read the original edition, then you may refer to the original
year of publication in your own text, e.g.
Pride and Prejudice (Austin, 1975), published 1813, is a very thought provoking novel.
Poem/play within an anthology
Author (Year) Title of individual play/short story/poem. In: Editor (ed.) Title of
Anthology (Edition -if not first edition). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Nagy, P. (1994) Weldon Rising. In: Castledine, A. (ed.) Plays by Women: Volume
Ten. London: Methuen Drama.
In-text citation: Use the author of poem/play, e.g. (Nagy, 1994)
Edited play
Author (Year of edited text) Title of Play. Edited by Editor (ed.) Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Example: Shakespeare, W. (1967) All’s Well that Ends Well. Edited by Edwards, P.
London: Routledge.
In-text citation: Use the author of play, e.g. (Shakespeare, 1967)
The Classics
Author, Title of Work in English. Translated by Translator. (Date of Translation)
Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Homer, The Iliad. Translated by Fagles, R. (1990) London: Penguin.
In-text citation: Use the original author, e.g. (Homer, 1990)
For literary works you must italicise the name of the work when referencing to it intext, e.g. Pride and Prejudice (Austin, 1813), is a very thought provoking novel.
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Foreign language works
Translated work
Author (Year of translated version [Year of original work]) Title of Book.
Translated by Translator. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Piaget, J. (2001 [1926]) The Language and Thought of the Child. Translated by
Gabain, M. & Gabain, R. London: Routledge Classics.
In-text citation: use name of the author, e.g.(Piaget, 2001)
Works in other languages
Author (Year) Title in original language [English translation of title, if required].
Place of publication: Publisher.
Example: Esquivel, L. (2003) Como Agua Para Chocolate [Like Water for Chocolate].
Barcelona: Debolsillo.
Works in other alphabets
Transliterate (not translate) the details into the English alphabet.
Example: use reference with English alphabet.
鷲田清一. (2007) 京都の平熱 : 哲学者の都市案内. 東京: 講談社.
Washida, K. (2007) Kyōto no heinetsu: tetsugakusha no toshi annai. Tōkyō: Kōdansha.
Works in dual languages
Editor (eds.) (Year) Title in English: Title in Other Language. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Lawaetz, G. (ed.) (1972) Spanish Short Stories 2: Cuentos Hispanicos 2. London:
Penguin.
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Journals, magazines & newspapers
Article from print journal
Author (Year) Title of article. Title of Journal. Volume(Issue) Pages.
Example: Frostag, P. & Pijl, S.J. (2007) Does being friendly help in making friends?
European Journal of Special Needs Education. 20(1) pp.15-30.
Article from electronic journal
Author (Year) Title of article. Title of Journal. Volume(Issue) Pages. Available at:
URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: Ball, C. & Gettinger, M. (2009) Monitoring children’s growth in early literacy
skills. Education & Treatment of Children. 32(3) pp.189-212. Available at:
http://web.ebscohost.com (Accessed: 15/06/09).
Article from online journal with DOI
Author (Year) Title of article. Title of Journal. Volume(Issue) Pages. DOI
Example: Levy, F.J., Ranjbar, A. & Dean, C.H. (2006) Dance movement as a way to help
children affected by war. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 77(5) pp.6-
12. DOI: 10.1080/07303084.2006.10597870.
Article from newspaper or magazine
Author (Day, Month, Year) Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Pages.
Example: Curtis, P. (15th June, 2009) Tory plan to end primary school Sats and have new
test at secondaries branded ‘half-baked’. The Guardian. pp.6-7.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
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Thesis, conference proceedings, presentations & lecture materials
Thesis/Masters Dissertation, online
Author (Year) Title of Work. Type of Thesis. Name of Institution. Available at:
(Accessed dd/mm/yy).
Example: Petridis, P. (2010) Notes at the Edge of Landscape. PHD Thesis. University of
Sunderland. Available at: http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/3309/ (Accessed:12/08/14).
Conference Proceedings, individual paper
Author (Year) Title of paper. In: Editor/Organisation. Title of Conference
Proceeding. Place of Publication: Publisher. Pages.
Example: McKie, A. (2008) Mapping the territory. In: Making Connections – Bringing
Together Research on E-Learning. London: University of Middlesex. pp.10-14.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Presentations
Author (Year) Title of Presentation. Presented at: Name of conference, Location
of conference.
Example: Hayes, D. (2009) From Flagellation to Therapy: What are Students Learning
Today?. Presented at: ALDinHE Conference, Bournemouth University.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Lecture/module materials
Lecturer (Year) Title of Lecture [Medium type for Module code]. Date. Name of
Organisation (Accessed dd/mm/yy).
Example: Riley, M. (2013) Surveillance and Social Control [PowerPoint presentation for
PHT020C105A]. 13th October 2013. University of Roehampton (Accessed 09/07/04).
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Webpages and Social Media
Website
Author/Corporate author (Year) Title of Webpage. Available at: URL (Accessed:
dd/mm/yy).
Example: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (2009) Signs of
Safety® in England. Available at:
http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/signs-of-safety (Accessed: 14/08/14).
Wiki/Wikipedia
Title of wiki (Year last updated) Title of Article. Available at: URL (Accessed:
dd/mm/yy).
Example: Wikipedia (2014) Business Ethics. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics (Accessed: 20/06/11).
Blog
Author (Year last updated) Title of post. Title of Website. Day Month. Available at:
URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: Yale Law Library (2010) The two faces of American freedom. Yale Law Library –
Reference Blog. 10th December. Available at: http://blogs.law.yale.edu/blogs/reference/
(Accessed: 20/06/11).
Facebook
Author (Year) Title of Page [Facebook].Day Month posted. Available at: URL
(Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: University of Roehampton (2013) Roehampton Postgraduate [Facebook]. 19th
August 2013. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/RoehamptonPostgraduate
(Accessed: 20/08/13).
Twitter
Title of twitter page (twitter user name) (Year) Full Text of Tweet [Twitter]. Date
of tweet. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: MCL (@MCL_Roehampton) (2014) Deborah Jermyn of MCL @RoehamptonUni
Writes About True Detective – Will The Show Deliver on the Hype? [Twitter]. 18 March.
Available at: https://twitter.com/MCL_Roehampton (Accessed: 20/08/14).
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Government publications, Acts, papers & reports
UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament)
Country. Full Name of Act. Name of sovereign. (Chapter number) Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Example: Great Britain. Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000. Elizabeth II. (Chapter 16)
London: The Stationery Office.
In-text citation: add the name of the Country and Name of Act), e.g. (Great Britain.
Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000)
Command Papers (White & Green Papers)
Country. Name of Committee or Royal Commission (Year) Title of Paper. Paper
number. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Great Britain. The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (1993) Report of the
Royal Commission on Criminal Justice. CM2263, London: Stationery Office.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
In-text citation: add the name of the Country and Name of Committee/Royal Comission),
e.g. (Great Britain. Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000)
Government publications
Country. Department (Year) Title of Report. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Great Britain. Office for National Statistics (2015) Focus on property crime,
2014 to 2015. Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_425348.pdf (Accessed:
08/12/15)
In-text citation: add the name of the Country and Name of Department, e.g. (Great
Britain. Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000)
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Reports from other organisations
Publications of international organisations
Name of organisation or institution (Year) Title of Report. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: United Nations (2015) Human Development Report 2015. New York: United
Nations Development Programme.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
In-text citation: use name of Organisation, e.g. (United Nations, 2015)
Research report
Author/Corporate author (Year) Title of Report. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: McLellan R, Galton M & Walberg M (2015) The Impact of Arts Interventions on
Health Outcomes – A survey of young adolescents accompanied by a review of the
literature. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Faculty of Education.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Ofsted report
Author/Corporate author (Year) Title of Document and Dates Inspection Took
Place. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Ofsted (2010) Rye Oak School Inspection Report 13-14th May 2010. London:
H.M.S.O.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Company Annual Report
Author/Corporate author (Year) Title of Annual Report. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Teaching Development Agency (2009) Annual Report and Account 2008-09.
London: HMSO.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
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British Standards
British Standards Institute, (Year ) Number and Title of Standard. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Example: British Standards Institute (2008) BS EN ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management
Systems Requirements. London: British Standards Institute.
In-text citation: use full name, e.g. (British Standards Institute, 2008).
Book Reviews
Author of the review (Year) Title of the Book Being Reviewed. By Author of book.
Reviewed in: Title of journal. Volume(Issue) Pages.
Example: Publisher’s Weekly (2003) Beegu. By Deacon, A. Reviewed in: Publisher’s
Weekly. 250(36) pp.74-75.
In-text citation: use the author of review (Publisher’s Weekly,2003)
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Archive materials
The majority of materials found in archives, that are not books, are housed in
some sort of container and within the container the various items are separated in
files. Archival references should include the following information (where
available):
Creator/Author. Title of Document. Page, Section, Date (if available). Box/File
Number. Name of Collection. Name of Repository. Name of Institution.
Example: Collingwood, M. Margot Fonteyn scrapbook. No.1., c. 1949. Box 1. MC 1/3.
Monica Collingwood Collection. Archives and Special Collections. University of
Roehampton.
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Visual sources
Diagrams, tables and illustrations
Author of book (Year) Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page
reference of item [type of item e.g. illus./fig./table].
Example: Jefferies, L. (1996) Discovering Language: The Structure of Modern English.
Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p.56 [Table].
In-text citation:

(Econsumer.gov, 2011 cited in Sloman, et al., 2013:91)
Paintings/drawings in gallery
Artist (Year) Title of Work of Art [Type of Work]. City/Country painting is
displayed: Museum painting is displayed in.
Example: Mucha, A.M. (1911) Princess Hyacinth [Painting]. Prague: Mucha Museum.
In-text citation: use name of Artist, e.g. (Mucha, 1911)
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Paintings/drawings seen online
Artist (Year) Title of Work of Art [Type of Work]. Name of Collection. Available
from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: Monet, C. (1899) Bridge over a Pool of Waterlilies [oil on canvas]. Grove Art
Online. Available at:
http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/img/grove/art/F020082
(Accessed: 27/04/16).
Photography, personal collection
Photographer (Year) Title of Photo [Photograph]. Unpublished Personal
Photograph.
Example: Stowar, J. (2012) London Parks [Photograph]. Unpublished Personal Photograph.
In-text citation: use name of Photographer, e.g. (Stowar, 2012)
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Photography, online
Photographer (Year) Title of Photo, Name of Collection [Photograph]. Available at:
URL (Accessed:dd/mm/yy).
Example: Stowar, J. (2012) London Parks, Flickr [Photograph]. Available at:
www.flickr.com/londonphotographs2012 (Accessed:10/04/12).
In-text citation: use name of Photographer, e.g. (Stowar, 2012)
Posters & Pamphlets
Corporate Author (Year) Title of Poster [Poster/Pamphlet]. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Roehampton University (2011) Be a Student Mentor [Poster]. London:
Roehampton University.
In-text citation: use name of Corporate Author, e.g. (Roehampton University, 2011)
Ordnance Survey Maps
Corporate Author (Year) Title of Map. Scale, Series Title and/or number. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Example: Ordnance Survey (2006) East London. 1:50 000,177. London: H.M.S.O.
In-text citation: use name of Corporate Author, e.g.(Ordnance Survey, 2006)
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Audio-visual
Film, viewed at cinema/DVD
Title of Film (Year of distribution) Directed by Name of Director [Motion
Picture/Motion Picture, DVD]. Place of Production: Production company.
Cinema example: The Caretaker (1963) Directed by Clive Donner [Motion Picture].
London: BFI Films.
DVD example: Educating Rita (1983) Directed by Lewis Gilbert [Motion Picture, DVD].
London: Rank Organisation.
In-text citation: use title of Film, e.g. (Educating Rita, 1983)
Film, viewed online
Title of Film (Year of distribution) Directed by Name of Director [Film, online].
Place of Production: Production company. Available at: URL (Accessed:
dd/mm/yy).
Example: Monsters Inc. (2001) Directed by Pete Doctor, David Silverman & Lee Unkrich
[Motion Picture, online]. Emeryville, CA.: Walt Disney & Pixar. Available at:
http://bobnational.net/record/116126 (Accessed: 11/08/14).
In-text citation: use title of Film, e.g. (Monsters Inc., 2001)
Television programme/series
Title of Programme/Series. (Year of broadcast) [Television programme].
Directed/Produced by Director/Producer. Country: Name of broadcaster.
Broadcast: dd/mm/yy. Duration.
Example: Horizon. [Television programme]. Directed by Michael Lachmann. UK: BBC2.
Broadcast: 20/08/14. 60mins.
In-text citation: use title of Programme/Series, e.g. (Horizon, 2014)
Extract from a television programme
Name of episode. Title of Series. (Year of broadcast) [Television programme,
extract]. Directed/Produced by Director/Producer. Country: Name of broadcaster.
Broadcast: dd/mm/yy. Duration. Start – end timings of extract.
Example: Should I eat meat? How to feed the planet. Horizon. [Television programme,
extract]. Directed by Michael Lachmann. UK: BBC2. Broadcast: 20/08/14.
60mins.00:03:51-00:06:28.
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Episode from a TV series, viewed on TV/DVD/online
Title/number of episode. Title of Series. Series number (Year of broadcast)
[Television programme/Television programme, DVD]. Directed/Produced by
Director/Producer. Country: Name of broadcaster. Broadcast: dd/mm/yy.
Duration.
Television example: Community service. Shameless. Series 1 (2004) [Television
programme]. Produced by Paul Abbott. UK: Channel 4. Broadcast: 13/01/04. 60mins.
DVD example: Community service. Shameless. Series 1 (2004) [Television programme,
DVD]. Produced by Paul Abbott. UK: Channel 4. 60mins.
If online use: [Television programme, online] and Available at: URL (Accessed:
dd/mm/yy).
In-text citation: use title of Episode, e.g. (Community Service, 2004)
Radio programmes
Title of Programme (Year of broadcast) [Radio programme]. Directed/Produced by
Director/Producer. Name of Radio station. Broadcast: dd/mm/yy. Duration.
Example: Woman’s Hour (2011) [Radio programme].Produced by Kat Wong. BBC Radio 4.
Broadcast: 20/06/11. Duration: 58mins.
If online use: [Radio programme, online] and Available at: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
In-text citation: use title of Programme, e.g. (Woman’s Hour, 2004)
Interview, Broadcast
Name of person being interviewed (Year) Interviewed by Name of Interviewer.
Title of Programme. Place of Production: Production. Broadcast: dd/mm/yy.
Duration.
Example: Thatcher, M. (1983) Interviewed by Brian Walden. Weekend World. Broadcast:
16/01/1983. 45mins.
Audio, CD
Artist (Year of Production) Title of Album [CD]. Place of Distribution: Distribution
Company.
Example: Madonna (2005) Confessions on a Dancefloor [CD]. USA: Maverick.
In-text citation: use name of Artist, e.g.(Madonna, 2005)
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Audio, track from CD
Artist (Year of Production) Title of track. Title of Album [CD]. Place of
Distribution: Distribution company.
Example: Madonna (2005) I love New York. Confessions on a Dancefloor [CD]. USA:
Maverick.
In-text citation: use name of Artist, e.g. (Madonna, 2005)
Song lyrics
Lyricist (Year of distribution) Title of Song. Place of Distribution: Distribution
Company.
Example: John, E. (1972) Tiny Dancer. US: UNI.
In-text citation: use name of Artist, e.g.(John, 2005)
Classical recording
Composer (Year of performance) Full Title of Recording. Performed by Name of
Performer. Conducted by Name of Conductor [Format]. Place of Distribution:
Record Company.
Example: Elgar (2010) Violin Concert: Violin Concerto/ Polonia/ Interlude From The
Crown Of India. Performed by Tasmin Little. Conducted by: Andrew Davis. [CD]. UK:
Chandos.
In-text citation: use name of Artist, e.g.(Elgar, 2010)
Music score
Composer (Year) Full Title of Score. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Debussy (1968) Images, 2e Série: Piano Solo. London: Wise Publications Ltd.
In-text citation: use name of Artist, e.g.(Debussy, 1968)
Audio download
Artist (Year of Production) Title of Album [Audio download]. Available at: URL
(date Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: Madonna (2005) Confessions on a Dancefloor [Audio download]. Available at:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B01F3FJF2/ref=dm_dp_trk5 (Accessed: 20/06/11).
In-text citation: use name of Artist, e.g. (Madonna, 2005)
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Youtube
Name of person posting video (Year video added) Title of Video [YouTube].
Available at: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: TED (2012) Susan Cain: The Power of Introverts [YouTube]. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0KYU2j0TM4 (Accessed: 07/07/14).
In-text citation: use name of person posting the video, e.g. (TED, 2012)
Podcast
Name of Author/Presenter (Year published/last updated) Title of Podcast
[Podcast]. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Example: Easter, M. (2009) We Need to Publicise Sport to Disabled Children [Podcast].
Available at: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/audio/ (Accessed: 11/06/09).
Audiobook
Author/Artist (Year) Title of Audiobook [Audiobook]. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Potter, S. (2001) Macbeth: Student SmartPass Edition Audio Education Study
Guide [Audiobook]. Brighton: Smart Pass Ltd.
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Live performances
Play
Author (Year of performance) Title of Work. Directed by Name of Director.
Performed by Name of Actor/Company name. [Location: Venue]. Date of
performance: Day Month.
Example: Shakespeare, W. (2011) A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Directed by Mark
Leipacher. Performed by Faction Theatre Company [London, Brockwell Park]. 30th June.
In-text citation: use name of Author, e.g.(Shakespeare, 2011)
Classical Music
Composer (Year of performance) Title of Performance. Conducted by Name of
Conductor. Performed by Music Performers [Location: Venue]. Day Month.
Example: Williams, V. (2010) Suite for Viola and Small Orchestra. Conducted by Jiří
Bělohlávek. Performed by BBC Symphony Orchestra. [London: Royal Albert Hall]. 10th
September.
In-text citation: use name of Composer, e.g.(Williams, 2010)
Dance
Choreographer (Year of performance) Title of Dance. Composed by Name of
Composer. Performed by Name of Dance Company [Location: Venue]. Day Month.
Example: Makarova, N. (1993) Swan Lake. Composed by Peter Tchaikovsky. Performed by
London Festival Ballet [London: Royal Festival Hall]. 2nd January.
In-text citation: use name of Choreographer, e.g.(Makarova, 1993)
Programme notes
Author (Year) Title of Performance [programme note]. Location: Venue. Day
Month.
Example:
Decouflé, P. (2012) Panorama [Programme notes]. London: Sadler’s Wells Theatre. 2nd-4th
November.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
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Public communications
Press release
Author/organisation (Year) Title of Press Release [Press release]. Place of
Publication: Company.
Example: TFL Press Office (2011) Oyster Pay as You Go Confirmed as the Ticket of Choice
for Millions of National Rail Commuters in London. [Press release]. London: TFL.
If online add: Available from: URL (Accessed: dd/mm/yy).
Television advertisement
Name of Company/Product (Year produced) Title/Description of Advert [Television
advertisement] Place of Production: Production company. Broadcast:dd/mm/yy.
Duration.
Example: Cadbury Schweppes (2007) Gorilla [Television advertisement]. London: Blink
Productions. Broadcast: 31/08/07. 1min 32sec.
In-text citation: use name of Company/Product, e.g. (Cadbury Schweppes, 2007)
Personal communications
Emails/text messages/faxes
Sender/Author (Year) Email/Text/Fax to Recipient. Day Month.
Example: McGoldrick, T. (2007) Email to Joyce Millan. 7th September.
Interviews, in person
Name of person being interviewed (Year) Interviewed by: Name of Interviewer. Day
Month.
Example: Allen, M. (2013) Interviewed by Celada, S. 15th April.
In-text citation: use the name of the person being interviewed, e.g. (Allen, 2013)
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Section 3: Common citing and referencing issues
Multiple authors and ‘et al.’
If you have used ‘et al.’ in your text for multiple authors, you must always list all the
authors names in full in the bibliography.
In-text example: (Smith et al., 2014)
Bibliography example: Smith, R., Jones, B., Brown, T. & Williams, M. (2014)
No author
Some sources do not have a clear author. Sometimes these sources will have a corporate
author, e.g. company/government name, which you can use as the author of the source.
Example: United Nations (2015) Human Development Report 2015. New York: United
Nations Development Programme.
If there is no author or corporate author, you must always question whether the source is
reliable enough to use, especially for academic work. Why does no one want to claim this
work as their own? You might want to find the information from another source instead.
If you do want to reference a source without a clear author, replace the author with the
Title of the Work, followed by the (Year).
Example: How to be a Famous Author (2011). Available at: www.howtobefamous.com
(Accessed: 01/04/14).
Referencing multiple sources by the same author
When using different sources by the same author arrange the references by the year of
publication, beginning with the oldest. If some of the sources are published in the same
year, use letters after the publication year to distinguish between them
Bibliography example:
Crystal, D. (2007a) By Hook or by Crook: a Journey in Search of English. London:
HarperPress.
Crystal, D. (2007b) How Language Works: how babies babble, words change meaning, and
languages live or die. New York: HarperPress.
Crystal, D. (2009) The future of Language. London: Routledge.
In-text citation example:
You can also use (year, letter) to differentiate between sources from the same author
within the same year in your text too.
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Referencing multiple pages from the same author
When referring to different pages from the same text in your work, just change the page
numbers in your citations accordingly. You only need to list the text in your bibliography
once, no matter how many times you’ve referred to it.
In-text citation example:
“75 percent of English spelling is regular but 25 percent is complicated” (Crystal,
2007:85)….. “Texting is far more immediate, direct and personal than alternative methods
of electronic communications” (Crystal, 2007:42).
No date
If no date of publication, or last updated, date exists, use (no date) instead.
Book example: Smith, J. (no date) What Year is it? – A Guide for the Confused. London:
Penguin.
Online example: Royal Dutch Shell (no date) More and Cleaner Energy. Available from:
http://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/more-and-cleanerenergy.html (Accessed: 14/04/2016).
Reprint, copyright or published date
Some books will list several dates within the book. Unless you need to specify that the
work is a reprint, see ‘Reprints of Literary works’, pp.17, always use the last published
date (most recent) in your reference. If this is absent use the last copyright date.
Published, printed or produced by
Many books will have details of the publisher and the printer/producer of the book. Always
include the name of the Publisher in your reference list.
Multiple places of publication
Popular books may be published in several locations, e.g. Paris, New York, London. Always
use the first location listed.
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Referencing confidential material
If you need to reference confidential material and need to protect the identity of a
person, organisation, publication, etc. you must anonymise the relevant information. Use
square brackets to identify anonymised information.
In-text citation example:
Discussions of the report highlighted a lack of policy [School X, 2011]
Bibliography example:
[Anonymised body] (Year) Anonymised Title (Use square brackets for any part of the title
that is anonymised). Location: [Anonymised publisher].
[School X] (2015) Safeguarding in the EYFS: [Name of school]. London: Department of
Education.
Citing a source within another source: secondary referencing
Citing a source that is mentioned or quoted in a work that you are reading is called
secondary referencing (second-hand referencing). Always try to read the original source if
possible so that you understand the original source in context, rather than another
author’s personal interpretation of it.
If you cannot access the original source you can include the secondary reference as a
citation in your work. You should cite both sources and use the phrase ‘cited in’, in your
text. In the bibliography you only reference the source you read it in.
In-text citation example:
‘Many of the parents appeared entirely indifferent to the child’s success either in school
or even in later life’ (Burt, 1975, cited in Pringle, 1986:96).
Bibliography example:
Pringle, M.K. (1986) The Needs of Children. (3rd ed.) London: Routledge.