Integrated Design Exercise
BRITISH
Milestone 6: Structural Arranaement
Introduction
Buildings are a structure with walls and roof, which comes in different shapes, sizes and functions. The building structure defined as a system of interconnected members that are assembled in a stable arrangement, that is used to support a load or combination of loads under the equilibrium of different extemal forces and internal reactions. The load can be horizontal and vertical effects on the building structural components. The basic elements of the building structure are the foundation, beams, columns, roof, floor, footings and walls. The structure elements are connected by different types of supports or joints. The most common support types are hinged or pin-jointed, fixed support and fixed support (Naik, 2019).
The engineers that are responsible for the building structure need to study, understand and calculate the strength, the stability and the rigidity of the built structure for the building. Designing the building structure involves a different type of engineers such as civil engineers, architectures, designer, building service engineers and contractors to supervise the construction process. The theory of structural engineering is applying different physical laws into the building structure, so the structure can perform with any type of materials and geometries (Clarke, 2015).
Integrated Design Exercise
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Foundation:
The lower component in the building structure is the base of the building that keeps the building stead. It transfers the building loads to the subsoil, which a tall building requires a strong foundation. To design the foundation required to understand three different factors, the total building loads, the bearing capacity and the nature of the subsoil and the safety and ease of foundation construction. Usually, the foundation made up of either reinforced or mass concrete and there two types of foundation. which are the shallow foundation and deep foundation.
Deep Foundation:
The deep foundation transfers loads of the building to farther down from the earth surface. There are different types of deep foundation which are pile foundation that is similar to a pole, pier foundation that is similar to a column and caissons foundation. Usually using the deep foundation for skyscrapers.
Shallow Foundation:
The shallow foundation also is known as footings, if transfers loads of the building to the surface of the earth. There different types of shallow foundation which are strip footing, isolated or spread footing. combined footing and raft or mat foundation, as is shown in table 3.
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