Design thinking process map

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Etisalat

(Issues related to finance, technological and development of training)

Student’s Name:

Student’s ID:

Table of Contents

Introduction

1.1 Company backgroundASSESSMENT COVER SHEET

Emirates Telecommunication Group Company PJSC runs by the branded trade name of Etisalat. Etisalat is a multinational organization that primarily operated from Unted Arab Emirates (UAE) and specializes in providing telecommunications services. At the present moment, the company operates across 16 countries in Asia, Africa, and Middle East (Bello & Othman, 2020). Etisalat is considered as the 18th largest mobile network operator in the world in terms of its number of subscribers. Also, the company is the sole net provider in the UAE. In 2012, Etisalat was ranked as the most influential and powerful company in the United Arab Emirates by Forbes Middle East. Furthermore, the company on December 2020 claimed the fastest 5G download speed in the world at a speed of about 9.1 Gigabits per second. It is considered as a robust network even at the present times since its launch during 2017 in Dubai, UAE. A consolidates revenue of AED 51.7 billion was reported by the company on December 2020 along with records of net profits of AED 9.1 billion. At the present moment, the total market capitalization of Etisalat has been recorded as AED 194 billion (Bello, 2020).

1.2 Problems (Issues) faced by company

For some time, the company is coming across numerous issues. As per the contents of 23RD MARCH report of the company’s challenges and difficulties, Etisalat has a poor structure of manpower. The issue can be supported by the fact that the company is one of the biggest telecommunications companies in the world with its operations and activities spread across multiple nations. Managing a company as large as this is not as easy as it seems and challenges like lack of manpower can become common occurrences while running the company. Due to the given issue, the company frequently is coming across operational interruptions. Also, the company previously has come across challenges and difficulties related to outsourcing of their employees from other countries with the optimal use of technology and other means. This has led to the generation of a higher level of expenditure by the company while carrying out their recruitment procedures. On the other hand, the presence of a poor financial structure in the company discourages it from financing its security teamEtisalat and its functioning in a proper manner. Low budget allocations only allow the company to recruit limited employees and candidates for the position of security personnel, who play important roles in the company as a whole (Al-Kharabsheh, 2018). Furthermore, as per recent reports, the company is associated with services that are sensitive in nature, such as transfer of money services requiring immense levels of securities. The company, especially the recent years have been exposed to risks from cyber criminals, for which its is required to new ways to eliminate and mitigate these types of threats. Adaptation of latest technology, such as blockchain and private cloud systems can aid in this endeavor of the company. Furthermore, it has been observed that a large section of the employees at Etisalat lack the required skills sets and knowledge to perform their job roles properly at the premises of the corporation. A poor employee training and development system can be stated as one of the key causes for this issue. Often customers are provided with incorrect services or that with errors due to untrained staff members at the firm. Furthermore, the company does not have enough resources at its disposal to train its large numbers of staff members who are acquired both from within and outside UAE. Eliminating this issue would enable the company to have a skilled workforce via which it can work on making its organizational performance better at the end of the day (Bello & Othman, 2020). The majority of the large corporations out there adapt to the latest cutting-edge technology in order to survive in the highly competitive environment. However, Etisalat lacks the necessary resources and finding to invest on technology, as a result of which the company reacts to the changes in the market poorly, resulting in losses. Although the demand of customers for availing the services provided by the company is extremely high, especially at the present age of digitalization, it has been unable meet those due to these prevailing issues. Implementing a proper management structure would have aided in the mitigation of prevailing issues and challenges in the long run, which can be seen as a prime requirement for the firm at the present moment. Furthermore, as per recent reports presented by the company, certain departments in the corporation does not have the needed manuals that comprises of the guidelines for the provision and maintenance of security of the projects undertaken or to be undertaken by the company. This leads to mass confusion among the staff members of the corporation. Previously, the company has made some major mistakes by not investing in proper sets of assets, thereby leading to the present sets of difficulties and challenges. The government even holds large investments in the company thereby putting the company in one of the top positions even in the presence of its large numbers of issues and challenges. The changes imposed by the government and other bodies often affect the organization, thereby increasing the already piling up challenges and making it difficult for it to introduce new sets of ideas in the business. This is because it takes long durations to adapt to any change by the utilization of a new framework. The presence of a poor communication in the organization can be accounted for as a result of the presence of a bureaucratic nature of the given business (Muneeb & Shinwari, 2017).

Section 2

2.1. Design thinking process map

Image source: University material

The design thinking process can be a useful tool in having an in-depth understanding of the issues being faced by the company, thereby aiding in carrying out all the required steps of identifying the intensity of the risks and developing ways to mitigate them over time. After this comes the step of defining those risks that have been identified previously (Al-Kharabsheh, 2018). After that the step of ideating is carried out in which the user forms an idea of the possible solutions to those risks and issues, which helps him or her to develop certain standards of the upcoming solutions to be developed. Some of the common sets of issues identified in the given study are lack of resources to train employees in Etisalat and the company’s inability to meet the customer satisfaction levels in spite of the presence of high levels of demands from the customer groups. Conducting these steps efficiently can aid in solving the issues successfully. The design thinking process has further been applied on the 4 interviews upon which the researcher has relied to form the findings, thereby enabling him or her to identify the issues and mitigate them successfully. Furthermore, the stakeholders would be able to work towards implementing as well as maintaining the proposed solutions in a collaborate manner to produce highly feasible results, thereby contributing towards increasing organizational performance of the chosen company.

Section-3

Here, 4 senior employees from Etisalat have been chosen and their responses has been recorded to form the research findings. Four interview sessions have been conducted comprising of open-ended questions, thereby providing the research with in-depth responses on the issues and challenges faced by the company, Etisalat. The eligibility criteria for the research participants here are employees of Etisalat who are above 18 years of age and have a minimum of 3 years of experience in their respective fields. The summary of each of the interviews have been provided below (Bello, 2020).

3.1. Issues related to finance and resource faced by Etisalat – 1st interview summary

3.1.1 How might we

The primary reason for the occurrence of issues, such as lack of employee training for development and customer satisfaction is due to the fact that is lacks financial resources and the means to deliver the deliverables. As a result of these issues, the productivity of the firm is reduced drastically along with its performance in the long run. The operations of Etisalat have been affected due to these challenges as per the response provided (Waidelich & Bulander, 2018).

3.1.2 Ideas for solution

As a part of his responses provided it was obvious that the company, especially at the recent times is undergoing increased number of challenges. Lack of adequate resources and capital are some of the common issues that the company is undergoing through right now. Furthermore, he thinks that the company can mitigate these persisting challenges by reforming its human resource management (HRM) structure.

3.1.3 Brainstorming of ideas

The session of brainstorming has been aimed towards analysing the present sets of issues and their cause. This would aid the researcher to provided mitigation techniques for these issues and challenges. Although the government has invested largely on the company and provides it with the necessary benefits, Etisalat has been unable to show the desired outcome due to the presence of an improper management structure and its inability to yield organizational results.

3.1.4 Solutions for the problem

Some of the key solutions that can be offered here are as follows:

Re-structuring of the company’s management system.

Investing on employee recruitment and their retention in the long run.

Financing its managerial operations in the coming days.

Interviewee: Staff

Understand

Company failed to reduce its challenges.

Observe

It has come across numerous financial losses recently.

Define

The company at the present moment is experiencing staff shortage.

Ideate

The company can find new ways to fund its operations.

Prototype

The management structure of the company is needed to be re-structured.

Test

The company needs to test its newly developed business structure for enhanced productivity.

Table 1: 1st interview: Issues related to finance and resource

3.2 Lack of technological advancement- 2nd interview summary

3.2.1 How might we

The company, especially the recent years have been exposed to risks from cyber criminals, for which it is required to new ways to eliminate and mitigate these types of threats.

3.2.2 Ideas for solution

Investing on advanced security systems can aid to mitigate the above-stated challenges.

The company can collaborate with tech giants, such as Apple and Amazon in order to avail the best security at reasonable prices.

Conducting daily checks on the update of its security system, including its firewall is recommended for the company.

Interviewee: Staff

Understand

The company needs to update its security.

Observe

Over the past years, the company’s server has been breached by cyber criminals

Define

The company at the present moment is still relying on certain backdated technology.

Ideate

Recruiting skilled personnel in this field might help.

Prototype

Human aid accompanied by the use of AI would be beneficial here.

Test

Frequent tests are needed to be carried out in order to check the new system’s viability.

Table 2: 2nd interview: Technological advancement

3.3.3 Brainstorming of ideas

A slow and time-consuming process of upgrading the form’s technology is needed to mitigate these types of challenges, especially its security system.

3.3.4 Solutions for the problem

Use of the latest cutting-edge technology to upgrade the security systems.

Updating the system software and applications on a regular basis.

Adaptation of latest technology, such as blockchain and private cloud systems can aid in this endeavour of the company.

Conducting regular market analysis for the procurement of latest technology.

3.3 Lack of provision of development training to the staff – 3rd interview summary

3.3.1 How might we

Staff shortage combined with a lack of adequate staff training program adds to the already piling up issues for the company. Furthermore, the company fails to retain its existing staff members.

3.3.2 Ideas for solution

The company if not able to provide the solution for the above-stated issues by itself can hire a third party specializing in HRM to do the same.

3.3.3 Brainstorming of ideas

It has been observed that when the employees are adequately skilled and satisfied, the number of hurdles for the company increases. Proper implementation of mitigating strategies can aid to cope up with these issues.

3.3.4 Solutions for the problem

Engaging in enhanced employee training and development as a part of the firm’s human resource management (HRM).

Hiring skilled, talented, and hardworking workforce in the organization.

Forming collaborations with other organizations for employee training and development.

Interviewee: Staff

Understand

Lack of skilled workforce, absence of proper employee training programs

Observe

The company needs to improve its HRM practices

Define

Increased operational efficiency cannot be acquired unless the company property trains its employees and retain them.

Ideate

Recruiting and retaining skilled workforce.

Prototype

Provision of training to the new as well as existing staff members

Test

The newly recruited staff are to be examined and monitored for their performance.

Table 3: 3rd interview: Lack of provision of development training to the staff

3.4 Lack of financial resources – 4th interview summary

3.4.1 How might we

Recently, Etisalat has come across numerous financial issues despite of the presence of large demand for its services, which to some extent has crippled the firm’s operations.

3.4.2 Ideas for solution

The company need to acquire new and improved sources of fundings to fuel its operations. Wise investments are required to succeed here (Muneeb & Shinwari, 2017).

3.4.3 Brainstorming ideas

All the stakeholders are needed to be gathered and consulted on the matter in order to get the most feasible sets of solutions.

3.4.4 Solutions to problem

Financing its operations via multiple sources of financing.

Carefully determined expenditure should be carried out only to avoid chances for loss and liability.

Interviewee: Staff

Understand

Limited financial capability severely affects the performance of an organization, which is the case here.

Observe

In spite of the high demand of its services, the company is unable to make significant profits.

Define

The operational performance is deteriorating due to lack of resources and finance.

Ideate

Acquiring multiple sources of fundings can be beneficial.

Prototype

The company is needed to invest wisely under these perilous times, with occasional simulations and testing.

Test

The company is needed to proceed with the idea only if it is validated beforehand.

Table 4: 4th interview: Lack of financial resources

Section-4

4.1 Recommendation

Thus, in order to ensure that Etisalat becomes successful and overcome its barriers, it need to employ a large and skilled workforce in order to ensure the adequate levels of customer satisfactions are being met at the end of the day. Secondly, the company can invest upon latest technology to mitigate the above-mentioned issues and challenges. Lastly, the provision of enhanced employee training and development programs by the company would ensure an optimal output.

4.2 Conclusion

It can be concluded that Etisalat is a reputed firm having expertise in the provision of telecommunications services, primarily in UAE. Recently, the company has come across numerous challenges, such as lack of financial resources and its inability to develop its employees, thereby leading to hurdles in its path of growth. These issues and challenges have been analysed here and solutions for them have been proposed.

5. References

M Al-Kharabsheh, S. (2018). Retaining Customers andMeasuring their Loyalty in the Etisalat Cable TV (E-Vision) of United Arab Emirates.

Bello, I. (2020). Sustainable development goals (SDGs) for education in Nigeria: An examination of Etisalat corporate social responsibility in Nigeria’s post-basic education sector. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39(5-6), 562-575.

Bello, I., & Othman, M. F. (2020). Multinational corporations and sustainable development goals: Examining Etisalat Telecommunication intervention in Nigeria’s basic education. International Journal of Educational Management.

Muneeb, A., & Shinwari, M. (2017). Customer Relation Management (CRM) and its Impact on Organizational Performance: A Case of Etisalat Telecommunication in Afghanistan.

Etisalat

(Issues related to finance, technological and development of training)

Student’s Name:

Student’s ID:

Table of Contents

Introduction

1.1 Company background

Emirates Telecommunication Group Company PJSC runs by the branded trade name of Etisalat. Etisalat is a multinational organization that primarily operated from Unted Arab Emirates (UAE) and specializes in providing telecommunications services. At the present moment, the company operates across 16 countries in Asia, Africa, and Middle East (Bello & Othman, 2020). Etisalat is considered as the 18th largest mobile network operator in the world in terms of its number of subscribers. Also, the company is the sole net provider in the UAE. In 2012, Etisalat was ranked as the most influential and powerful company in the United Arab Emirates by Forbes Middle East. Furthermore, the company on December 2020 claimed the fastest 5G download speed in the world at a speed of about 9.1 Gigabits per second. It is considered as a robust network even at the present times since its launch during 2017 in Dubai, UAE. A consolidates revenue of AED 51.7 billion was reported by the company on December 2020 along with records of net profits of AED 9.1 billion. At the present moment, the total market capitalization of Etisalat has been recorded as AED 194 billion (Bello, 2020).

1.2 Problems (Issues) faced by company

For some time, the company is coming across numerous issues. As per the contents of 23RD MARCH report of the company’s challenges and difficulties, Etisalat has a poor structure of manpower. The issue can be supported by the fact that the company is one of the biggest telecommunications companies in the world with its operations and activities spread across multiple nations. Managing a company as large as this is not as easy as it seems and challenges like lack of manpower can become common occurrences while running the company. Due to the given issue, the company frequently is coming across operational interruptions. Also, the company previously has come across challenges and difficulties related to outsourcing of their employees from other countries with the optimal use of technology and other means. This has led to the generation of a higher level of expenditure by the company while carrying out their recruitment procedures. On the other hand, the presence of a poor financial structure in the company discourages it from financing its security teamEtisalat and its functioning in a proper manner. Low budget allocations only allow the company to recruit limited employees and candidates for the position of security personnel, who play important roles in the company as a whole (Al-Kharabsheh, 2018). Furthermore, as per recent reports, the company is associated with services that are sensitive in nature, such as transfer of money services requiring immense levels of securities. The company, especially the recent years have been exposed to risks from cyber criminals, for which its is required to new ways to eliminate and mitigate these types of threats. Adaptation of latest technology, such as blockchain and private cloud systems can aid in this endeavor of the company. Furthermore, it has been observed that a large section of the employees at Etisalat lack the required skills sets and knowledge to perform their job roles properly at the premises of the corporation. A poor employee training and development system can be stated as one of the key causes for this issue. Often customers are provided with incorrect services or that with errors due to untrained staff members at the firm. Furthermore, the company does not have enough resources at its disposal to train its large numbers of staff members who are acquired both from within and outside UAE. Eliminating this issue would enable the company to have a skilled workforce via which it can work on making its organizational performance better at the end of the day (Bello & Othman, 2020). The majority of the large corporations out there adapt to the latest cutting-edge technology in order to survive in the highly competitive environment. However, Etisalat lacks the necessary resources and finding to invest on technology, as a result of which the company reacts to the changes in the market poorly, resulting in losses. Although the demand of customers for availing the services provided by the company is extremely high, especially at the present age of digitalization, it has been unable meet those due to these prevailing issues. Implementing a proper management structure would have aided in the mitigation of prevailing issues and challenges in the long run, which can be seen as a prime requirement for the firm at the present moment. Furthermore, as per recent reports presented by the company, certain departments in the corporation does not have the needed manuals that comprises of the guidelines for the provision and maintenance of security of the projects undertaken or to be undertaken by the company. This leads to mass confusion among the staff members of the corporation. Previously, the company has made some major mistakes by not investing in proper sets of assets, thereby leading to the present sets of difficulties and challenges. The government even holds large investments in the company thereby putting the company in one of the top positions even in the presence of its large numbers of issues and challenges. The changes imposed by the government and other bodies often affect the organization, thereby increasing the already piling up challenges and making it difficult for it to introduce new sets of ideas in the business. This is because it takes long durations to adapt to any change by the utilization of a new framework. The presence of a poor communication in the organization can be accounted for as a result of the presence of a bureaucratic nature of the given business (Muneeb & Shinwari, 2017).

Section 2

2.1. Design thinking process map

Image source: University material

The design thinking process can be a useful tool in having an in-depth understanding of the issues being faced by the company, thereby aiding in carrying out all the required steps of identifying the intensity of the risks and developing ways to mitigate them over time. After this comes the step of defining those risks that have been identified previously (Al-Kharabsheh, 2018). After that the step of ideating is carried out in which the user forms an idea of the possible solutions to those risks and issues, which helps him or her to develop certain standards of the upcoming solutions to be developed. Some of the common sets of issues identified in the given study are lack of resources to train employees in Etisalat and the company’s inability to meet the customer satisfaction levels in spite of the presence of high levels of demands from the customer groups. Conducting these steps efficiently can aid in solving the issues successfully. The design thinking process has further been applied on the 4 interviews upon which the researcher has relied to form the findings, thereby enabling him or her to identify the issues and mitigate them successfully. Furthermore, the stakeholders would be able to work towards implementing as well as maintaining the proposed solutions in a collaborate manner to produce highly feasible results, thereby contributing towards increasing organizational performance of the chosen company.

Section-3

Here, 4 senior employees from Etisalat have been chosen and their responses has been recorded to form the research findings. Four interview sessions have been conducted comprising of open-ended questions, thereby providing the research with in-depth responses on the issues and challenges faced by the company, Etisalat. The eligibility criteria for the research participants here are employees of Etisalat who are above 18 years of age and have a minimum of 3 years of experience in their respective fields. The summary of each of the interviews have been provided below (Bello, 2020).

3.1. Issues related to finance and resource faced by Etisalat – 1st interview summary

3.1.1 How might we

The primary reason for the occurrence of issues, such as lack of employee training for development and customer satisfaction is due to the fact that is lacks financial resources and the means to deliver the deliverables. As a result of these issues, the productivity of the firm is reduced drastically along with its performance in the long run. The operations of Etisalat have been affected due to these challenges as per the response provided (Waidelich & Bulander, 2018).

3.1.2 Ideas for solution

As a part of his responses provided it was obvious that the company, especially at the recent times is undergoing increased number of challenges. Lack of adequate resources and capital are some of the common issues that the company is undergoing through right now. Furthermore, he thinks that the company can mitigate these persisting challenges by reforming its human resource management (HRM) structure.

3.1.3 Brainstorming of ideas

The session of brainstorming has been aimed towards analysing the present sets of issues and their cause. This would aid the researcher to provided mitigation techniques for these issues and challenges. Although the government has invested largely on the company and provides it with the necessary benefits, Etisalat has been unable to show the desired outcome due to the presence of an improper management structure and its inability to yield organizational results.

3.1.4 Solutions for the problem

Some of the key solutions that can be offered here are as follows:

Re-structuring of the company’s management system.

Investing on employee recruitment and their retention in the long run.

Financing its managerial operations in the coming days.

Interviewee: Staff

Understand

Company failed to reduce its challenges.

Observe

It has come across numerous financial losses recently.

Define

The company at the present moment is experiencing staff shortage.

Ideate

The company can find new ways to fund its operations.

Prototype

The management structure of the company is needed to be re-structured.

Test

The company needs to test its newly developed business structure for enhanced productivity.

Table 1: 1st interview: Issues related to finance and resource

3.2 Lack of technological advancement- 2nd interview summary

3.2.1 How might we

The company, especially the recent years have been exposed to risks from cyber criminals, for which it is required to new ways to eliminate and mitigate these types of threats.

3.2.2 Ideas for solution

Investing on advanced security systems can aid to mitigate the above-stated challenges.

The company can collaborate with tech giants, such as Apple and Amazon in order to avail the best security at reasonable prices.

Conducting daily checks on the update of its security system, including its firewall is recommended for the company.

Interviewee: Staff

Understand

The company needs to update its security.

Observe

Over the past years, the company’s server has been breached by cyber criminals

Define

The company at the present moment is still relying on certain backdated technology.

Ideate

Recruiting skilled personnel in this field might help.

Prototype

Human aid accompanied by the use of AI would be beneficial here.

Test

Frequent tests are needed to be carried out in order to check the new system’s viability.

Table 2: 2nd interview: Technological advancement

3.3.3 Brainstorming of ideas

A slow and time-consuming process of upgrading the form’s technology is needed to mitigate these types of challenges, especially its security system.

3.3.4 Solutions for the problem

Use of the latest cutting-edge technology to upgrade the security systems.

Updating the system software and applications on a regular basis.

Adaptation of latest technology, such as blockchain and private cloud systems can aid in this endeavour of the company.

Conducting regular market analysis for the procurement of latest technology.

3.3 Lack of provision of development training to the staff – 3rd interview summary

3.3.1 How might we

Staff shortage combined with a lack of adequate staff training program adds to the already piling up issues for the company. Furthermore, the company fails to retain its existing staff members.

3.3.2 Ideas for solution

The company if not able to provide the solution for the above-stated issues by itself can hire a third party specializing in HRM to do the same.

3.3.3 Brainstorming of ideas

It has been observed that when the employees are adequately skilled and satisfied, the number of hurdles for the company increases. Proper implementation of mitigating strategies can aid to cope up with these issues.

3.3.4 Solutions for the problem

Engaging in enhanced employee training and development as a part of the firm’s human resource management (HRM).

Hiring skilled, talented, and hardworking workforce in the organization.

Forming collaborations with other organizations for employee training and development.

Interviewee: Staff

Understand

Lack of skilled workforce, absence of proper employee training programs

Observe

The company needs to improve its HRM practices

Define

Increased operational efficiency cannot be acquired unless the company property trains its employees and retain them.

Ideate

Recruiting and retaining skilled workforce.

Prototype

Provision of training to the new as well as existing staff members

Test

The newly recruited staff are to be examined and monitored for their performance.

Table 3: 3rd interview: Lack of provision of development training to the staff

3.4 Lack of financial resources – 4th interview summary

3.4.1 How might we

Recently, Etisalat has come across numerous financial issues despite of the presence of large demand for its services, which to some extent has crippled the firm’s operations.

3.4.2 Ideas for solution

The company need to acquire new and improved sources of fundings to fuel its operations. Wise investments are required to succeed here (Muneeb & Shinwari, 2017).

3.4.3 Brainstorming ideas

All the stakeholders are needed to be gathered and consulted on the matter in order to get the most feasible sets of solutions.

3.4.4 Solutions to problem

Financing its operations via multiple sources of financing.

Carefully determined expenditure should be carried out only to avoid chances for loss and liability.

Interviewee: Staff

Understand

Limited financial capability severely affects the performance of an organization, which is the case here.

Observe

In spite of the high demand of its services, the company is unable to make significant profits.

Define

The operational performance is deteriorating due to lack of resources and finance.

Ideate

Acquiring multiple sources of fundings can be beneficial.

Prototype

The company is needed to invest wisely under these perilous times, with occasional simulations and testing.

Test

The company is needed to proceed with the idea only if it is validated beforehand.

Table 4: 4th interview: Lack of financial resources

Section-4

4.1 Recommendation

Thus, in order to ensure that Etisalat becomes successful and overcome its barriers, it need to employ a large and skilled workforce in order to ensure the adequate levels of customer satisfactions are being met at the end of the day. Secondly, the company can invest upon latest technology to mitigate the above-mentioned issues and challenges. Lastly, the provision of enhanced employee training and development programs by the company would ensure an optimal output.

4.2 Conclusion

It can be concluded that Etisalat is a reputed firm having expertise in the provision of telecommunications services, primarily in UAE. Recently, the company has come across numerous challenges, such as lack of financial resources and its inability to develop its employees, thereby leading to hurdles in its path of growth. These issues and challenges have been analysed here and solutions for them have been proposed.

5. References

M Al-Kharabsheh, S. (2018). Retaining Customers andMeasuring their Loyalty in the Etisalat Cable TV (E-Vision) of United Arab Emirates.

Bello, I. (2020). Sustainable development goals (SDGs) for education in Nigeria: An examination of Etisalat corporate social responsibility in Nigeria’s post-basic education sector. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39(5-6), 562-575.

Bello, I., & Othman, M. F. (2020). Multinational corporations and sustainable development goals: Examining Etisalat Telecommunication intervention in Nigeria’s basic education. International Journal of Educational Management.

Muneeb, A., & Shinwari, M. (2017). Customer Relation Management (CRM) and its Impact on Organizational Performance: A Case of Etisalat Telecommunication in Afghanistan.

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