An Abridged Guide
to the
School of Access Education
Updated T2 2020
American Psychological
Association Referencing Style
(7th ed.)
The CQUniversity Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style (author-date) is based on:
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
This document can be found on CQUniversity’s referencing webpage at
http://www.cqu.edu.au/referencing (American Psychological Association Abridged Guide
Term 2, 2020).
Other information about academic writing is available via the Academic Learning Centre’s
Moodle site.
Maintained by School of Access Education
Edition T2 2020
Published by CQUniversity Australia
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The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act.
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Do not remove this notice.
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Table of Contents
How to use this guide………………………………………………………………………………..1
What is the purpose of this booklet? ………………………………………………………………. 1
What is referencing? ……………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Why do I need to reference?………………………………………………………………………….. 1
What should I reference? ……………………………………………………………………………… 2
Five key steps to referencing …………………………………………………………………….2
Section 1: What does referencing look like? ………………………………………………3
Section 2: How do I use citations in-text? ………………………………………………….5
How to paraphrase………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
How to summarise……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
How to use direct quotations……………………………………………………………………….. 10
How to introduce quotations and paraphrased sentences………………………………… 14
How to use tables, figures or images ……………………………………………………………. 15
Section 3: How to create a reference list ………………………………………………….19
Steps for creating a reference list…………………………………………………………………. 19
Steps for adding publication details to the reference list…………………………………. 20
Section 4: What is Academic Integrity? …………………………………………………..30
How will they know I have plagiarised? ……………………………………………………….. 30
Steps for avoiding plagiarism………………………………………………………………………. 31
Section 5: How to create in-text citations and reference list items …………….31
Books (Hard copy)……………………………………………………………………………………… 32
Ebooks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
Journals and magazines ……………………………………………………………………………… 40
Hard copy newspaper articles……………………………………………………………………… 44
Online news articles …………………………………………………………………………………… 44
Reports……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
Conference papers……………………………………………………………………………………… 48
Dissertation or master’s thesis…………………………………………………………………….. 49
Webpage or standalone document on the web ……………………………………………….. 50
Government documents found online……………………………………………………………. 52
Legal documents………………………………………………………………………………………… 55
University-provided electronic and multimedia study materials ………………………. 59
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Specialised sources…………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
Appendices …………………………………………………………………………………………….76
Appendix A: What do the terms and abbreviations used in this guide mean? …….. 76
Appendix B: Symbols and their use………………………………………………………………. 78
Appendix D: Initialisms and their use…………………………………………………………… 81
Appendix E: Abbreviations and their use………………………………………………………. 84
Appendix F: Latin words and their use as abbreviations ………………………………… 88
Appendix G: Referencing a journal article with or without a DOI……………………. 89
Appendix H: Check your reference list …………………………………………………………. 90
Appendix I: Quick guide for citing multiple authors……………………………………….. 91
Appendix J: Quick guide for referencing multiple authors………………………………. 92
Appendix K: Citing and referencing figures and tables…………………………………… 93
Index ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..95
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How to use this guide
This guide provides an introduction to the intricacies of referencing using the CQUniversity’s
abridged version of the APA 7th Edition referencing conventions. Section 1 offers
explanations of terms and concepts that are vital for the development of your knowledge, so
you can become proficient at APA style referencing. There are subtle variations in the APA
style of referencing, and it is important for you to use the CQUniversity APA Guide’s style.
Once you are familiar with some of the concepts and key words, you will find it much easier
to use Part 2 of this guide, which contains examples of in-text citations and reference list
items. Referencing requires attention to detail, so you will need to refer to these examples
and explanations a number of times as you develop your skills.
| Finding information quickly 1. Use the contents page to locate particular concepts of referencing or resource examples. 2. Use the index page to find relevant examples. 3. Apply Ctrl + F to find the relevant resource quickly. |
What is the purpose of this booklet?
When writing a university assignment, there are certain referencing rules you need to follow.
Please note that there are other referencing styles (e.g., Harvard, Turabian, Vancouver and
the Australian Guide to Legal Citation), so check your Unit Profile to confirm that the unit
requires APA referencing. This booklet will explain what referencing is and show you how to
reference using the CQUniversity APA referencing style.
What is referencing?
There are different types of university assignments (e.g., essays, oral presentations, reports,
reflections, blogs, PowerPoint presentations, case studies). When you write an assignment,
you will be expected to include the details of any resources that you have used in your
assignment. These are called “in-text citations”. A citation is located at the place where you
have used someone else’s words or ideas. In addition, a list of all the resources you have
cited in-text is located at the end of the assignment; the list is called “references”. These
processes are collectively known as “referencing”.
Why do I need to reference?
Writing an assignment will often involve locating information from a range of different
source types (e.g., webpages, journal articles, books, course readings). Each time you
“borrow” ideas, data, information or illustrations from other sources to use in your
assignment, you will need to cite and reference the source.
Referencing will help you:
• Demonstrate your knowledge of a topic and provide evidence of scholarly research.
• Give credit to the author or creator of the original source of an image, idea or piece
of information.
• Avoid plagiarism and its associated penalties.
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What should I reference?
You must cite and reference any source you use when writing an assignment even if you have
just borrowed an idea or image, rather than copying exact words. This includes any of the
following.
• Hard copy (paper based) sources, e.g., books, journal articles, newspapers,
magazines, pamphlets, newsletters.
• Electronic sources e.g., webpages, videos, blogs, film clips, audio files, Moodle
notes and readings.
• Other sources, e.g., interview transcripts, doctoral dissertations.
• Visuals, e.g., images, figures, tables.
Five key steps to referencing
While researching and drafting
Step 1. Decide which type of source you want to use, e.g., book, webpage, journal.
Step 2. Record the relevant source details: author, date, title, publisher, URL etc.
In your assignment
| Step 3. | Use the notes you have made from the sources you read to create sentences and paragraphs to provide evidence or examples that support your ideas. |
| Step 4. | Ensure that details for the in-text citation (e.g., author’s surname, date, page number) are correct. Make sure you follow the APA style guidelines. |
At the end of the assignment
| Step 5. | Create a reference list, and each item must have a corresponding item as an in text citation. |
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Section 1: What does referencing look like?
| Referencing in the assignment | Example |
| In this example of a paragraph you can see what referencing looks like in the body of the assignment. Notice the inclusion of the author’s name and date in most sentences. These are known as citations. They let the reader know the details about the source of the information. These citations acknowledge all ideas or words that belong to another person even if it is not a direct quote. These citations are integrated into the sentences, so the paragraph flows and is easy to read. Note. Author surnames can be located either inside the brackets or used as part of the sentence. See section on styles of in-text citation for an explanation. |
Retired Australians have been included as a campaign target for Volunteer Tourists for a number of reasons. The evolution of this group makes them attractive as they have commenced planning their retirements and are trying to do the most with their lives after their retirement, including travel. Research by Gibson (2002) on later life and retirement in the United States revealed that many of the participants experienced a feeling of more freedom to do what they want to do during retirement and later life. This is also evident in a report published by The Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia (ASFA, 2014) that states leisure activities form part of the standard budget for retirees in their 70s, and it contributes to an “important part of what many retirees want to do in retirement” (p. 9). This point is further supported by Upe (2013) who states that Australia has 5.5 million baby boomers, and many are able to travel as they are now retired. In addition, Solomon et al. (2013) explain that baby boomers are also much more active and physically fit than the preceding generation. These authors point out that baby boomers who are facing retirement are experiencing a shift in their retirement approach from achievement orientation to quality of life. In Australia the 55 plus age group makes up 24% of the population and they have 56% of the country’s net wealth (Upe, 2013). They prefer to enjoy their retirement by spending their money rather than leaving it as an inheritance for their children (Solomon et al., 2013). It is evident that the over 55s have many traits that make them suitable candidates as Volunteer Tourists including their freedom, funds and a longing for education and new experiences. |
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| Reference list (end of the document) | Example |
| You will need to include a list of all the sources you have cited in your assignment. The reference list is placed at the end of the assignment on a separate page. Each item in this list will have a correlating item in the assignment body or appendices. Each reference in your list will need to be set out using APA style. The reference list is: • in alphabetical order; • in double line spacing; and • formatted with a hanging indent. For more guidance, see Appendix H: Check your reference list |
References Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia. (2014). Spending patterns of older retirees: New ASFA retirement standard. https://www.superannuation.asn.au/ ArticleDocuments/269/ASFA-RetirementStandardOlder-Sep2014.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y Gibson, H. (2002). Busy travellers: Leisure-travel patterns and meanings in later life. World Leisure Journal, 44(2), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2002.9674266 Solomon, M., Previte, J., & Russell-Bennett, R. (2013). Consumer behaviour: Buying, having, being (3rd ed.). Frenchs Forest. Upe, R. (2013, February 16). Baby-booming travel. The Age. https://www.theage.com.au/national/ boomers-lead-travel-boom-20130215-2eijj.html |
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Section 2: How do I use citations in-text?
Here are four key techniques you can use when you want to include other authors’ ideas, words, images and data in your assignment. Have a look at the
following pages for more detail on each of these techniques.
| Paraphrasing | Summarising | Direct quotations | Tables and figures |
| Convey the author’s idea/words indirectly. Using this option, you must use some of your own words AND change the sentence structure. A citation must be included. |
Briefly sum up another author’s work e.g., a whole chapter or project. |
Quoting an author’s words exactly as they were written, using a short or long quotation. A citation must be included, e.g., author, year, and page number. |
When using another author’s figures, tables or data to support your own, you may copy and paste images, tables, charts and figures, but you must include your own title and a caption to cite the source. See Appendix K. |
| Example 1 Jones (2016) found that significant reductions in infection rates (15%) could be achieved when nursing staff were reminded about hand hygiene. |
Example 2 A study by Jones (2009) found that attention to hand hygiene by nursing staff played a significant role in infection rates. |
Example 3 A short quotation: Reminders to nursing staff to pay extra attention to recommended hand hygiene procedures resulted “in a 15% reduction in infection rates” (Jones, 2016, p. 3). |
Figure 1 CQUniversity Research Officers Collecting Water Samples. Note. From CQUni Pitching in to Help with Capricorn Coast Water Supply Study, by CQUniversity, 2017 (https://www.cqu.edu .au/cquninews/ stories/engagement-category /2017/cquni-pitching-in-to-help-with capricorn-coast-water-supply-study). |
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How to paraphrase
Instead of quoting another author’s words exactly, you may paraphrase them. To paraphrase, you must change some of the words AND change the
sentence structure. When you use an author’s ideas, but express them in different words, you are paraphrasing. A paraphrased item is not enclosed in
quotation marks because it is not a word-for-word quotation. However, it is important that the sentence structure and the vocabulary are not too similar
to the original text and that you acknowledge the source of the original document with an in-text citation. Failing to do so will result in plagiarism.
Many lecturers would prefer you to paraphrase or summarise an author’s words rather than use a direct quotation. This is because paraphrasing requires
original thought and shows that you understand the ideas and can integrate them into your work.
| Steps for paraphrasing | Examples |
| 1. Read the sentence that you want to paraphrase a number of times to get the meaning of the text. Once you understand it, write it in your own words. 2. Highlight any specialised technical words or specific terms. These must be included in your paraphrase, as without these words, the meaning of the paraphrase will change completely. 3. Underline any keywords that can be changed. 4. Find other words and phrases that have similar meanings that can be used to replace the keywords in the text. Use a thesaurus or dictionary to help if need be. 5. Rewrite the ideas and reorganise the structure or order. 6. Add a lead-in phrase where the author’s family name becomes part of the sentence to use an author prominent citation and the year the article was published in parentheses. 7. Choose author prominent or information prominent style (see next page for explanation). |
Original text “Improved attention to hand hygiene reduced the rate of patient infections by 15% in a twelve-month period.” Paraphrase, author prominent Jones (2016) found that in the course of a year, a significant reduction in patient infection rates was achieved as the result of an enhanced focus on the hand hygiene procedures of nursing staff. Paraphrase, information prominent In the course of a year, a significant reduction in patient infection rates was achieved as the result of an enhanced focus on the hand hygiene procedures of nursing staff (Jones, 2016). |
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| Rules for paraphrasing | Examples |
| • Ensure the paraphrased information supports the claim made by you as the writer. • Ensure the paraphrase is written differently from the original source. • Page numbers are not required for paraphrasing. However, for very long and complex work, a page number may be helpful for the reader to locate relevant information. • Provide a corresponding reference in the reference list at the end of the assignment to accompany each citation. |
Final version of student’s work Nurses play an important role in the reduction of infection rates in hospitals. Jones (2016) found that in the course of a year, a significant reduction in patient infection rates was achieved as the result of an enhanced focus on the hand hygiene procedures of nursing staff. Reference Jones, A. (2016). An investigation of infection rates in Australian hospitals. Journal of Australian Nursing, 12(2), 34–45. |
Styles of citation in-text: author prominent and information prominent
Where you place a citation depends on the emphasis you wish to apply and can be important to the argument you present.
Author prominent
When you want to emphasise the author, then you use the author’s name as part of your sentence. The citation and the paraphrase would start something
like this: Sherwood (2012) concludes that . . .
Information prominent
When you want to emphasise the information from an author, then your citation becomes information prominent. The citation will appear at the end of a
sentence. The citation and the paraphrase will look something like this: . . . as evidenced from a recent Australian study (Jones, 2012).
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How to summarise
Instead of quoting or paraphrasing an author’s words, work or ideas, you may decide to summarise them. A summary includes a condensed form of the
information, keeping the main point of the text but omitting detailed examples. The original idea or meaning must be maintained. Technical words
remain. Summarising is useful when you use the idea expressed in the source but not the specific language. Other advantages of summarising include
expressing the key point of a source in fewer words and demonstrating your understanding of the source more effectively.
| Steps for summarising | Examples |
| 1. Read the text several times and check the meaning of unfamiliar words. 2. Underline technical words as they should not be changed. 3. Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving out examples and evidence. 4. Consider the main points as a whole and your purpose for using the information 5. Think of words or phrases which have similar meaning to those in the original text. 6. Develop an outline using short sentences written in your words. Rearrange these sentences to suit your purpose. 7. Remind your reader that you are summarising the work of someone else by citing their name in the summary (citation). |
Developing learning modules for adult learners requires the designer or educator to consider a range of appropriate strategies to match the students’ preferences for learning. Duverge (2016) outlines several of these preferences. Firstly, educators should appreciate that adult learners would prefer to learn independently or explore the topic; therefore, tasks should be designed accordingly. Furthermore, adults like to know that the skills and knowledge they are expected to develop will be useful to their life or career. |
| Here is an example showing ideas from several sources combined into one summary. Notice that a semi-colon has been used to separate each source in the citation and that they are in alphabetical order. |
A key study by Lee (2016) found that many new university students experience considerable anxiety when learning how to cope with the academic literacy demands of assignment writing, and this finding is well-supported in the literature (Brown, 2012; Green et al., 2009; Redding & Shipton, 2011). |
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| Rules for summarising | Examples |
| • Do not provide the same citation at the start and at the end of each sentence. Note that the sentence in bold is not referenced. • Ensure the summarised version is much shorter than the original text and that it is written in your own words. • Include a citation details (author and date) for each source cited. • “Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one …[to] help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work” (APA, 2020, p. 269). • Do not change the intended meaning of the original text. • Do not use quotation marks because it is not a direct quote. • Enter the complete source details in your reference list. |
In this example the source of the bold sentence is not clear. The student must repeat the citation within that sentence. Developing learning modules for adult learners requires the designer or educator to consider a range of appropriate strategies to match adult learners’ preferences for learning. Duverge (2016) explains that adult learners would prefer to learn independently or explore the topic; therefore, tasks should be designed accordingly. Adults like to know that the skills and knowledge they are expected to develop will be useful to their life or career. Providing immediate feedback regarding errors or alternate explanations to assist with learning new concepts is a strategy that enables adults to learn from misunderstandings (Duverge, 2016). |
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How to use direct quotations
You are quoting when you use someone else’s exact words in your writing. Direct quoting is one way of showing that you have gathered information
from other authors to support your point of view or thesis. Do not overuse this technique. Instead, aim to paraphrase more of the words and ideas of
others to show how well you understand them and can use the source to support your point of view. When you quote, you must indicate where the
quotation begins and ends, and provide an in-text citation. The citation makes it clear whose words you are using and where you found them.
A general rule in academic work is that no more than 10% of an assignment should be in the form of direct quotations. You can use short quotations
(fewer than 40 words) or long quotations (40 words or more).
| Steps for using quotations | Example |
| 1. Read chosen texts and form ideas about your topic. 2. Make a note of the ideas using your own words. 3. Identify sentences in a journal article to support the idea. Make a note of this. 4. Incorporate the quote into the paragraph by adding a few extra words just before the quoted words to help the quote fit smoothly into the sentence. 5. Provide the surname, year of publication and the page number that the quote was taken from. 6. Write the full publication details in the reference list at the end of the assignment. |
Hand hygiene of medical staff → infection rates. Especially nurses → study found “Improved attention to hand hygiene reduced the rate of patient infections by 15% in a twelve-month period” (Jones, 2016, p. 34). Nurses play an important role in the reduction of infection rates in hospitals. A recent study showed “improved attention to hand hygiene reduced the rate of patient infections by 15% in a twelve-month period” (Jones, 2016, p. 34). This indicates that hand hygiene can result in significant reductions in the rate of infection. References Jones, A. (2016). An investigation of infection rates in Australian hospitals. Journal of Australian Nursing, 12(2), 34–45. |
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| Rules for short quotations | Examples | |
| Short quotations should: • have fewer than 40 words, • be incorporated into your sentence smoothly without disrupting the flow of your paragraph, • be enclosed in double quotation marks, • include the page number in the citation, • have the full stop after the citation if the quotation is information prominent, • have the full stop after the page number if the citation is author prominent, and • be in the same font size as the rest of the assignment. If the text you want to quote starts with a capital letter, it is acceptable to change the upper-case letter to a lower-case letter so that it fits with the grammar of your sentence; proper nouns remain uppercase (i.e., Australia or Robert). Do not correct any incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar in the original quotation; instead, insert the word sic, italicised and in square brackets, directly after the error in the quotation. |
Author prominent Unterhalter (2007) argues that “gender equality in schooling is an aspiration of global social justice” (p. 5). |
Information prominent It has been argued that “gender equality in schooling is an aspiration of global social justice” (Unterhalter, 2007, p. 5). |
| In Wilson’s (2013) report “the building inspector estimated that there [sic] house was a fire hazard” (p. 32). |
In his report “the building inspector estimated that there [sic] house was a fire hazard” (Wilson, 2013, p. 32). |
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| Rules for long quotations | Example | |
| When using quotations of more than 40 words: • use them infrequently, • introduce it in your own words with the lead-in statement ending with a colon (:), • separate it from the lead-in statement and from the text that follows with Enter, • do not enclose it in quotation marks, • begin each long quotation on a new line, • indent them by 1.27 cm from the left margin (Ctrl + M), and • apply double line spacing, • no added space before or after the quotation. For a long information prominent quotation, the full stop goes after the quotation and before the citation. |
Information prominent Though many may recoil from making their private lives public in digital spaces, there are obvious benefits for young people: The public life is fun. It’s creative. It’s where their friends are. It’s theatre, but it’s also community: in this linked, logged world, you have a place to think out loud and be listened to, to meet strangers and go deeper with friends. (Nussbaum, 2007, p. 27) |
Author prominent Rowan (2001) summarises the effects of a limited world view when she states that: This poses a real challenge for educators. In many cases, we are drawing on educational resources, or curriculum documents which are in themselves fairly narrow in the view of the world they represent. This helps to make this view seem natural and normal. (p. 39) This view exemplifies the . . . |
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| Rules for long quotations | Example | |
| If you need to omit a word or words from a quotation, indicate this with an ellipsis (three dots). If you need to add a word or words to a quotation, put them in square brackets [ ]. |
The use of emotive language can be effective in influencing audiences to believe in a certain way: This passage attacks everyone who opposes the introduction of identity cards on personal terms. It also makes unsubstantiated assumptions about the backgrounds and economic circumstances of opponents in order to undermine their credibility. [Therefore], the passage … demonstrates flawed reasoning. (Cottrell, 2011, p. 117) |
Cottrell (2011) explains how emotive language can be used to persuade audiences: The passage encourages complicity in the audience. By abusing opponents, the author encourages a division between in-groups, or “people like them”, or “people like us”. [In addition,] the passage draws on emotive subjects, referring to crime and security to win over the audience. (p. 117) |
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How to introduce quotations and paraphrased sentences
Verbs that help with author prominent referencing
To assist with making citations part of your own writing and providing more information about the status of the information you are citing, you need to
use signal words and phrases. Your choice of words can indicate whether the authors you are citing are presenting established findings, putting forward
a case, making a suggestion or drawing conclusions. In addition, your work may become tedious to read if every quotation or paraphrase is introduced
in the same manner. The signal word often becomes a place in writing where repetitiveness occurs. Table 1 provides examples of signal words useful for
integrating other authors’ ideas and words into academic writing.
Table 1
Signal Words for Use with In-text Citations
| Say or Mean | Argue | Explain | Other | |
| state | assert | dispute | describe | agree |
| remark | add | disagree | clarify | question |
| maintain | confirm | question | justify | offer |
| hold the view | find | debate | reason | predict |
| point out | affirm | claim | show | identify |
| highlight | imply | demonstrate | ||
| emphasise | contend | |||
| suggest |
Use present-tense to refer to research (though there are important exceptions).
Note. If you are citing more than one author, remember to change the verb form:
Single author: Smith (2020) argues that . . .
Multiple authors: Jones and Brown (2020) argue that . . .
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How to use tables, figures or images
Sometimes it is useful to include reproductions or copies of items such as photos, graphs, tables, diagrams and drawings in your work. These items may
be used as evidence to support academic arguments in the text. They can be used to present complex information clearly and effectively.
A table contains information that is organised using columns and rows. Figures can be maps, charts, diagrams, drawings, graphs and photographs. They
must be labelled, cited and referenced, and each is done in a particular way. Tables and figures are often used in reports, but rarely appear in essays.
They may be copied from another’s work, adapted from one or multiple sources of information or may be data from your own research.
| Steps for using tables | Example |
| • Ask yourself if you need to provide exact numerical data or compare and contrast values in a table or if the trends or patterns provided by a graph would be better used in this case. • Decide whether you need the whole table or part of the table. • Refer to the table in the body of the report. Integrating the table as if it were a quote or part of the paragraph will assist your reader to understand why you included it. • Label the table within the text with a number e.g., Table 1, Table 2 etc. If the table is placed within an appendix, it takes the appendix letter and a number e.g., Table A1. • If the table is required in text and does not take the whole page, place the table at either the top or bottom of the page. Add one blank double spaced line between the table and any text to improve readability. |
As seen in Table 2, asylum claims in 2013-2014 dropped in both Australia and New Zealand but increased in other countries. Table 2 New Asylum Claims Lodged in Selected Regions by Semester 2013–2014 Note. The table shows that Europe had the highest rates of new asylum claims 2013–2014. Adapted from World at War: UNHCR Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2014, by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2015 (https://www.unhcr.org/en au/statistics/country/556725e69/unhcr-global-trends-2014.html). |
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| Rules for using tables | Example |
| Above the table • Provide a table number in bold font. No italics. (e.g., Table 1) • Numbered in the order of appearance in the text. • The table title appears one double-spaced line below the table number. Provide a brief but descriptive title. The title is italicised, and the first letter of all major words is capitalised (title case). Below the table • Under the table, start with the word “note” in italics followed by a full stop. Then provide a brief outline to help readers understand the table. Include any definitions of abbreviations e.g., Note. This table demonstrates . . . • After the outline, cite that the source is either “From” or “Adapted from” another resource: See Appendix K for specific templates, citation examples and reference list examples. • Do not include the original table number, heading or caption when you copy these items. The table number should be the correct number for your work. |
The population increase through immigration had the biggest impact on the heavily populated states, and the Northern Territory had the smallest increase (see Table 3). Table 3 Number of Migrants by State and Territory 2015–16 Note. The table demonstrates that New South Wales and Victoria had the highest rates of migration 2015–2016. Adapted from 3412.0 Migration, Australia, 2015–2016, by Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017 (https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/3412.0Main+ Features72015-16?OpenDocument). |
Note. See Appendix K for specific templates, caption examples and reference list examples.
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| Steps for using figures | Example |
| Steps for choosing to use figures are similar to those provided for tables in the previous section. Figures can be maps, charts, diagrams, drawings, graphs and photographs. Follow these rules if you copy or adapt a figure to use in your assignment (similar to the right) or an image like the one seen below. • The figure number (e.g., Figure 1) appears above the figure title and image in bold font. Not italics. • The figure title appears one double-spaced line below the figure number. Provide brief but descriptive title and capitalise the figure title in italic title case. • Make sure that copied figures are a suitable size for your reader to view. For the image portion of the figure (e.g., axis labels) use font size 8-14 points. • Under the figure, first provide a brief outline to help readers understand the figure. Include any definitions of abbreviations e.g., Note. This figure demonstrates… • After the outline, cite that the source is either “From” or “Adapted from” another resource: See Appendix K for specific templates, citation examples and reference list examples. • Do not include the original figure number, heading or caption when you copy these items. The figure number should be the correct number for your work. • Number figures in the order of appearance in the text. • Figures must be referred to in the main body of the text by their number: Figure 2. |
It is evident that migration to Australia has increased, which is adding to the diversity of the Australian population. Additionally, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2017) states that overseas migration is now the principal factor for population increase within Australia (see Figure 2). Figure 2 Net Overseas Migration in Australia 1976 to 2016 Note. This figure demonstrates how Australian migration peeked in 2010. Adapted from 2071.0 Cultural Diversity in Australia, 2016, by Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017 (https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main% 20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~60). |
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| Rules for using figures | Example |
| Figures, which include maps, charts, diagrams, drawings and photographs, as used in most student assignments are covered by Australian copyright laws, i.e., you do not have to pay to use the image. However, you are still required to cite each figure (below the image) and reference them, in the reference list. See example citation on right: The figure is “From” a resource i.e., the figure has not been changed. When the figure has been adapted or changed in any way, use “Adapted from”. See Appendix K for guidance on providing a citation below the figure when a figure is from a journal article, book, book chapter or webpage/ web. Appendix K also provides guidance on how to reference figures from different types of sources. When including a figure in a work that will be published, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder or use a figure that is free to use. For full details of copyright attributions, see p. 391 of the APA manual (7th ed.). Webpages where you can obtain free to use figures (mostly photographs and other images) include: • Wikimedia • Creative Commons • Pexels • Flickr (select “Free images”) • iStock (select “Royalty Free Images”). Even if a figure is freely available, you are still required to cite and reference each figure. See Appendix K. No citation is needed if you created the image i.e., if you are the artist (photographer, painter etc.). |
CQUniversity’s Business graduate, Wayne Blair has an extensive list of accolades, including Best Supporting Actor in a Television Drama 2018 in Mystery Road and the director of the highest-grossing Australian film 2012, The Sapphires. Wayne, seen second from the left in Figure 3, has also acted in the Netflix film Extraction. Figure 3 Wayne Blair with the Cast and Director of the Film Extraction Note. From Look Out for the CQUni Alumnus in Netflix’s Smash Hit Movie, by CQUniversity, 2020 (https://www.cqu.edu.au/cquninews/stories/general-category/2020-general/look-out-for-the-cquni alumnus-in-netflixs-smash-hit-movie). |
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Section 3: How to create a reference list
At the end of your assignment, you will need to include a list of all the sources you have used in your assignment. This is known as a reference list.
Your reference list will need to be formatted using APA style.
This section contains some general guidelines that you will need to follow when writing your reference list. However, there are some more specific
guidelines in the form of examples in Section 5 that will show you how to reference many different types of sources. There is also a Quick Guide for
Referencing Multiple Authors (Appendix J).
Organising your resources is a useful skill, so as you decide what will be useful for your research and writing it is important to generate a draft reference
list to avoid losing any relevant information about the source details. This process can be time consuming, but once done it provides a useful tool for
developing in-text citations. Remember to check this initial list against those used in-text and remove any unused items because a reference list should
only include references that have been used within your assignment. The reference list does NOT include all your background reading.
Steps for creating a reference list
When including a source in the reference list you must provide the reader with enough information to locate that source. The following pages
demonstrate how specific sources are included in the reference list. This guide does not contain an exhaustive list of examples, so at times you will need
to problem solve to decide how to reference the source you used.
There are two key steps when writing your reference list:
Step 1. Find the relevant details shown in the following figures. Look at the examples that follow and in Section 5; there is a pattern to this task.
Step 2. Format the details according to APA style. Each time you gather information it is placed in a similar order in the citation.
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Steps for adding publication details to the reference list
| Referencing books and ebooks | Example |
| For a book or an ebook, the following elements should be presented in this order: 1. Author’s surname (family name) comes first followed by a comma and then the initials. Provide a space between initials. The second initial represents the middle name. Keep the order of the authors’ names. 2. Place the copyright year in parentheses followed by a full stop. 3. Title of the book is in italics and sentence case i.e., capitalise the first letter of the title and any proper nouns. End with a full stop. 4. Capitalise the first letter of any subtitle. 5. If the book has an edition or volume number, placed the number in parentheses after the title. This is not in italics. If both, add edition number first and volume second, separated by a comma. 6. Publisher (No publisher location needed.) 7. Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number when available: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxx Do not include a URL or database URL for ebooks in academic databases. Include a URL for ebooks found on other websites. No URL is needed for hard copies. |
Hard Copy Book: Elements 1-6 Cottrell, S. (2019). The study skills handbook (5th ed.). Macmillan Education. Ebook: Elements 1-7 Štumpf, M. (2017). Electromagnetic reciprocity in antenna theory. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466420 |
Note. The ordinal number is not in superscript, e.g., 4th not 4th.
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More detail about use of abbreviations, acronyms and the technical terms used in referencing can be found in Appendices A, B, C, D, E and F.
| Referencing a chapter in an edited book. | Example |
| For a chapter in a book or an ebook, the following elements should be presented in this order: 1. Chapter author’s surname (family name) followed by a comma and then the initials. 2. Place the copyright year in parentheses followed by a full stop. 3. Title of the book chapter in sentence case i.e., capitalise the first letter of the title and any proper nouns. End with a full stop. 4. Editors’ initials followed by surname. Place (Ed.) for one editor and (Eds.) for multiple editors after the editors’ names. 5. Title of book in sentence case and in italics. 6. If the book has an edition or volume number, placed the number in parentheses after the title. This is not in italics. If both, add edition number first and volume second, separated by a comma. 7. Page range of the chapter. 8. Publisher (No publisher location needed.) 9. Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number for ebooks when available: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxxxx Do not include a URL or database URL for ebooks in academic databases. Include a URL for ebooks found on other websites. No URLs needed for hard copies. |
Example: Print Langtree, T. (2018). Self-concept. In A. Berman, S. Snyder, T. Levett-Jones, T. Dwyer, M. Hales, N. Harvey, T. Langtree, L. Moxham, K. Reid-Searl & D. Stanley (Eds.), Kozier and Erb’s fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and practice (4th Australian ed., Vol. 3, pp. 1028–1043). Pearson Australia. Example: Ebook Lichosik, D. (2019). Robotic surgery. In F., Charney-Sonnek & A. E., Murphy (Eds.), Principles of nursing in oncology (pp. 107–130). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76457-3 |
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| Referencing journal articles with a DOI | Example |
| The following elements should be presented in this order: 1. Author’s surname (family name) comes first followed by a comma and the initials. Provide a space between initials. Keep the order of the authors’ names. 2. Place the year of publication in parentheses followed by a full stop. 3. Title of article is in sentence case i.e., capitalise the first letter of the title and first letter of proper nouns (Australia). End with a full stop. No italics. 4. Capitalise the first letter of any subtitle. 5. Title of journal in italics and title case i.e., capitalise the first letter of all major words. End with a comma. 6. Volume number in italics. 7. Issue number in parentheses. No gap. No italics. If there is no issue number, follow the volume number with a comma. 8. Include article page range e.g., 25–45. 9. Https DOIs are hyperlinked (active, blue font and underlined). When an old DOI number is provided as doi:10.xxxx/xxxxx or http://dx.doi.org, change the DOI number to the https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx format. |
Example Jarvis, D., Stoeckl, N., Addison, J., Larson, S., Hill, R., Pert, P., & Watkin Lui, F. (2018). Are Indigenous land and sea management programs a pathway to Indigenous economic independence? The Rangeland Journal, 40(4), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ18051 |
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| Journal article without a DOI | Example |
| For journals retrieved from academic databases, no URL is required. Only include elements 1-8. See previous page for details. Examples of academic databases: APA PsycNET, PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Ebook Central, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, JSTOR (excluding primary source collections), MEDLINE, Nexis Uni, Ovid, ProQuest), PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science etc. • For hard copy journals without a DOI, no URL is required. • Exceptions: Articles found in UptoDate see Section 5. • For journals with no DOI and not found in an academic database, include the URL location after the page numbers. See the flow chart in Appendix G to help you select the correct information when referencing your journal article. |
Example Milne, J. (2017). Accurate chronic wound assessment in the community setting. Journal of Community Nursing, 31(2), 25–28. |
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| Referencing a legal case | Example |
| For a legal case the following elements should be presented in the following order: 1. The case name (in italics). Only the name of the first plaintiff and the first defendant should be cited. If there are multiple proceedings between the parties, include the number of proceedings in square brackets after the case name. 2. The year of case 3. The volume number 4. Reporter abbreviation 5. The starting page of the source. In addition, when referring to a specific page in the case, add a comma and the page number of the reference after the starting page e.g., 1, 5. 6. If the country is not clear from the case name, provide the country abbreviation in parentheses after the first page number, followed by a full stop e.g., (U.K.). (Austl.). |
In-text citation According to the precedent set in Mabo v Queensland (1989), it is possible to claim . . . . . . (Mabo v Queensland, 1989). Reference example Mabo v Queensland (1989) 166 CLR 186. Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5. |
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| Referencing a webpage or a standalone document on the web |
Example |
| For information on a webpage, the following elements should be presented in the following order: 1. Name of the author or organisation or department. End with a full stop. 2. Year of publication in parentheses. The month and day can be provided if available e.g., (2020, February 25). Provide as specific a date that is available on the webpage. Use “n.d.” if no date is provided. End with a full stop. 3. Title of article is in sentence case i.e., capitalise the first letter of the title and first letter of proper nouns (Australia). End with a full stop. 4. If a subtitle is present, add a colon (:) and capitalize the first letter of the subtitle. End with a full stop. 5. If the author and the site name are the same, omit the site name from the reference. See Example 1. 6. URLs are hyperlinked (active, blue font and underlined). The words “retrieved from” are not required. On occasion a retrieval date may be required when the information is subject to change and is not achieved; see Section 5 for more examples. |
Example 1: When the author and the site name are the same, omit site name. Department of Education. (2017, April 10). Child care reforms pass parliament. https://www.education.gov.au/news/child-care-reforms-pass-parliament Example 2: When the author and site name are different, include site name. Grove, J. (2020, January 30). What can be done to resolve academic authorship disputes? Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/what-can be-done-resolve-academic-authorship-disputes |
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| Referencing a webpage or a standalone document on the web |
Example |
| Long URLs Cut and paste URLs to avoid transcript errors. Do not change the URL. If the URL is very long, it is acceptable to shorten a URL using URL shortening services. Ensure that it links directly to the correct location. |
Example Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016, November 18). Disability, ageing and carers, Australia: Summary of findings, 2015 (cat. no. 4430.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4430.0 |
| Rules for adding publication details to the reference list |
Examples |
| Identify the type of resource you are using (Journal, book, book chapter, webpage etc.) and then follow the guidance on how to include all the relevant publication details. For guidance on how to format your reference list, see Appendix H. |
References Bunda, T. (2017). Special issue: Indigenous education research. The Australian Education Researcher, 44(1), 1–4. Cottrell, S. (2019). The study skills handbook (5th ed.). Macmillan Education. Martin, S. (2020, January 12). Scott Morrison looks for wriggle room on climate as he detects the whiff of backlash. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/australia news/2020/jan/12/scott-morrison-looks-for-wriggle-room-on-climate-as-he-detects the-whiff-of-backlash Oumlil, A. B., & Williams, A. J. (2011). Financial services and the elderly poor: Development and implementation of sustainable intervention strategies. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 15(4), 274–286. https://doi.org/10.1057/fsm.2010.23 |
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| Rules about authors’ names | Examples |
| • In the reference list, the surname of each author needs to be spelt, and all other names are to be presented as initials. • Therefore, it is important to identify the author’s surname. In the examples provided, “Cottrell” is always the surname, and other names need to be presented as initials. • When an author has two or more initials, the second or third initial represents the middle names. • Titles such as Doctor or Professor are not included. |
Stella Cottrell = Cottrell, S. Cottrell, Stella = Cottrell, S. Stella Maria Cottrell = Cottrell, S. M. Stella M. Cottrell = Cottrell, S. M. |
| Rules for using capitalisation in a reference list |
| Sentence Case • For sentence case, capitalise the first letter in the first word; all other words are in lower case. The exceptions are names or proper nouns (e.g., Australia). • Within a reference list, the title of a book, journal article, webpage or standalone document is in sentence case regardless of how the titles is capitalised in the original. See example below. • If the title contains a colon, the first letter after the colon is capitalised. |
| Title case • For title case, capitalise the first letter of all major words. Do not capitalise articles, (i.e., “the”, “a”, “an” etc.) prepositions (e.g., “for”, “on”, “off”, “about” etc.) or conjunctions (e.g., “and”, “but”, “or” etc.). Capitalise the first letter of the word “the” if it is the first word in the title. Capitalise the first letter of any preposition of four or more letters: “between”, “from”. • Journal names, businesses and organisations require title case (capitalise the first letter of all major words). |
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| Rules and examples for capitalising titles in text and in a reference list |
Examples |
| Standalone document A standalone document is a book, ebook, report, dissertation, thesis, film, video, podcast, TV series, YouTube video, artwork, map, music album and unpublished manuscript. In-text capitalisation: Italic and title case (Capitalise all major words.) Reference list: Italic and sentence case (Capitalise the first letter of the title and the first letter of any proper nouns.) See Section 5 for referencing a book, ebook, podcast, YouTube etc. |
In-text capitalisation The statistics from The National Report on Schooling in Australia 2016 indicate that… (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2018). Reference example: Report Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (2018). The national report on schooling in Australia 2016. https://www.acara.edu.au/reporting/national-report-on schooling-in-australia/national-report-on-schooling-in-australia-2016 |
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| Rules and examples for capitalising titles in text and in a reference list |
Examples |
| Part of a greater whole An item in a greater whole is a journal article, book chapter, ebook chapter, newspaper article, magazine article, blog post, television episode, webisode, webpage, tweet, Facebook update, encyclopaedia entry, Wikipedia entry, dictionary entry and song. |
In-text capitalisation: Television Episode The Mystery Road episode “The Truth” explores themes of . . . (McGregor & Perkins, 2018). Reference example: Television Episode McGregor, S (Writer), & Perkins, R (Director). (2018, July 1). The truth (Season 1, Episode 6) [TV series episode]. In J. Sen, I (Executive producer), Mystery Road. Bunya Productions & Golden Road Productions. |
| In-text capitalisation: Inside double quotation marks, title case (Capitalise all major words). Generally speaking, avoid including the whole title of a document such as a journal article unless absolutely necessary. Reference list: No quotation marks, sentence case (Capitalise the first letter of the title and the first letter of any proper nouns: Australia.). Note. See Section 5 for guidance on how to reference a book chapter, ebook chapter, newspaper article, tweet etc. |
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Section 4: What is Academic Integrity?
Incorrect referencing techniques (even if they are innocent mistakes) can lead to problems with “plagiarism”. The word “plagiarism” comes from the
Latin word “plagiarius” which means “kidnapper”. According to the McMillan Dictionary, plagiarism is “the process of taking another person’s work,
ideas, or words, and using them as if they were your own” (McMillan Dictionary, n.d.). In other words, you would be plagiarising if you copied the
ideas, words or thoughts of the authors of your research without acknowledging them in your paragraphs, even if you have paraphrased. This includes
using another student’s work or your own previously submitted work, without acknowledging or citing it. Always act with integrity and use correct
referencing techniques to make sure you do not accidentally plagiarise someone else’s work. Plagiarism is considered serious misconduct and must be
avoided at all times. You should avoid plagiarism and report it because:
• Plagiarism is unethical.
• Plagiarism does not allow you to develop as an academic writer.
• Plagiarism attracts severe penalties.
How will they know I have plagiarised?
While enrolled at CQUni, each time you upload an assignment it is processed through the Turnitin program. This is a program that checks for similarity
between your work and others; therefore, identifying possible plagiarism in your assignment. You can learn to use Turnitin to check your assignment for
accidental plagiarism before you submit your final copy to your lecturer. Watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44n03oRjwCg&feature=youtu.be
If it seems you have plagiarised, you will be sent an email to advise you that plagiarism has been detected in your assignment. You will need to answer
the email and explain what happened. You may also be required to attend some academic integrity training. You may face severe academic penalties,
including possibly failing and being withdrawn from the course.
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Steps for avoiding plagiarism
| Steps for avoiding plagiarism | |
| Record the sources you use. | Before beginning to take notes from any source, record all the bibliographic information. |
| Take careful notes. | Take carefully written notes. Develop a system to distinguish between what you have copied directly from the source, (directly quoted) what you have put into your own words (paraphrased or summarised) and your comments about the information in that source. |
| Paraphrase appropriately. | Change words and structure of the original work keeping only technical words the same. |
| Use in-text citations in every written draft. |
Get into the habit of including citations in-text (author, date) as you write each draft of your assignment. |
| Keep your work secure. | Avoid sharing paper or electronic drafts of your work with other students. |
| Use Turnitin to check for text matching on assignment drafts. |
You can use the Turnitin software to check your draft assignment for evidence of matching text before submission. |
Section 5: How to create in-text citations and reference list items
This Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style (7th ed.) provides referencing guidance about how to cite specific sources in the text of your
assignment (in-text citations) and in the reference list. However, this guide does not contain an exhaustive list of examples, so it may be necessary to
examine more than one example or a combination of examples to identify the best way to reference a specific item. Sometimes you need to problem
solve to decide how to reference the item you have used.
When adding a reference to the reference list, you must provide the reader with enough information to enable them to locate the source. The following
specific examples of referencing, and the examples provided in Section 3, will help you to work out what kind of information you need to collect about
your source. Find one of the examples in this guide similar to your source and gather similar information for your reference. Then if you are still unsure,
you can ask the Academic Learning Centre (ALC) to assist you. Look out for ALC advertised workshops: https://www.cqu.edu.au/student-life/servicesand-facilities/academic-learning-centre
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Books (Hard copy)
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| One author Include the author’s family name and the year of publication. |
Rogers (2015) outlines three . . . Rogers (2015) claims “. . .” (p. 10). |
Rogers, B. (2015). Classroom behaviour: A practical guide to effective teaching, behaviour management and colleague support. Sage Publications. |
| Two authors For citations, only use an ampersand (&) when the authors’ names are given within parentheses in-text. Use ‘and’ when the authors’ names are incorporated in the text. For the reference list, use & between the last two authors’ names. |
White and Wyn (2013) outline . . . Gender equality and indigenous youth are two points of discussion covered in detail (White & Wyn, 2013). |
White, R., & Wyn, J. (2013). Youth and society. Oxford University Press. |
| Three to twenty authors In-text citation Include the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” (meaning “and others”) and the year. Reference list Include the family names and initials of ALL the authors. Separate the authors with commas and use an ampersand (&) before the last author. |
Palladino et al. (2016) . . . . . . (Palladino et al., 2016). |
Palladino, L., Green, M., & Roemuss, K. (2016). Professional hairdressing. Cengage Learning Australia. |
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| Twenty-one or more authors In-text citation Include the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” (meaning “and others”) and the year. Reference list If there are 21 or more authors, give the names of the first 19 authors followed by an ellipsis (three full stops) and the name of the last author/editor, without the use of an ampersand. See Appendix J for guidance on how to reference multiple authors in a reference list. |
Wiskunde et al. (2019) states . . . . . . (Wiskunde et al., 2019). |
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537 |
| Multiple works by the same author, published in different years In-text citation When including two works by the same author in the same parentheses, place them in chronological order according to the date of publication (i.e., oldest to newest). |
Recent research has indicated that . . . (Brown, 2014, 2015). |
Brown, M. (2014). Wipeout water world: An accounting practice set using MYOB AccountRight version 19. Pearson Education. Brown, M. (2015). Pedro’s Pizzas: An accounting practice set using MYOB AccountRight version 19. Pearson Education. |
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| Multiple works by same author/s, same year In-text citation When including multiple works by the same author published in the same year, add a lower-case letter (a, b, c, etc.) next to the year. The letters relate to the alphabetical order of the titles. Reference list Letters should also be included next to the year. |
According to Ahmed (2013a), the Pakistan army were called to restore order in the Punjab province. Ahmed (2013b) recounts the chronological events of the Punjab Province of British India. |
Ahmed, I. (2013a). The Pakistan garrison state: Origins, evolutions, consequences (1947–2011) (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. Ahmed, I. (2013b). The Punjab partitioned and cleansed. Rupa Publications India. |
| Works by different authors with the same family name, same year In-text citation If there are two or more authors with the same surname, include the first author’s initials in all in text citations, even if the year of publication differs. Reference list Be sure to place these sources in alphabetical order according to their surname and then according to their first initial and finally the date. |
The role that humankind plays in shaping . . . (A. Jones, 2012). G. Jones (2012) pointed out the importance of sustainability in the management of certain environments. |
Jones, A. (2012). Human geography: The basics. Routledge. Jones, G. (2012). Current research in sustainability. Tilde Publishing. |
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| No author but an authoring body (institution, corporation or other organisation) |
It has been suggested that “. . .” (Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development [OECD], 2014, p. 23). |
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2014). Leadership for 21st century learning. Brookings Institution Press. |
| Source within a source: Secondary source When referring to an author (primary source) read in another publication (secondary source). Note. Use secondary sources sparingly. Only use when the original work is not in print, unavailable, or not available in English. Try to find and use the primary source if possible. In-text citation First, cite the original source of the idea (primary reference) and follow this with the source in which you found it (secondary source). Reference list Include only the author/s of the secondary source (i.e., the source you actually read). |
Crawford et al. (1998, as cited in Evans et al., 2016) suggest that “spirituality underpins the meaning that people make of illness” (p. 6). Crawford et al. (1998, as cited in Evans et al., 2016) suggest that many patients make sense of illness through their spirituality. Research suggests that many patients make sense of illness through their spirituality (Crawford et al., 1998, as cited in Evans et al., 2016). |
Evans, K., Nizette, D., & O’Brien, A. (2016). Psychiatric and mental health nursing (4th ed.). Elsevier. |
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| Referring to two primary sources within the one secondary source Note. Use secondary sources sparingly. Only use when the original work is not in print, unavailable, or not available in English. Try to find and use the primary source if possible. |
Thoughtful listening enhances a patient’s sense of humility (Gunasekara et al., 2014; Shattell et al., 2006, as cited in Evans et al., 2016). |
Evans, K., Nizette, D., & O’Brien, A. (2016). Psychiatric and mental health nursing (4th ed.). Elsevier. |
| No date can be established Use this infrequently. |
Lansdown (n.d.) found “. . .” (p. 13). | Lansdown, M. (n.d.). Bridging courses. CQUniversity. |
| Several sources are cited at once Do not overdo this. Alphabetise according to the name of the first author in each source. Use semicolons to separate sources. List each author as a separate entry in the reference list. Paraphrasing is essential in order to cite the essence of what the authors all agree upon. |
Research suggests . . . (Jones et al., 2017; McCrae & Nolan, 2016). Recent studies (Jones et al., 2017; McCrae & Nolan, 2016) state . . . Jones et al. (2017) and McCrae and Nolan (2016) agree that . . . |
Jones, J. S., Rogers, V. L., & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2017). Psychiatric mental health nursing: An interpersonal approach (2nd ed.). Springer Publishing Company. McCrae, N., & Nolan, P. (2016). The story of nursing in British mental hospitals: Echoes from the corridors. Routledge. |
| Second or later edition Reference list If it is not the original work or first edition, include the number and the abbreviation ‘ed.’ after the title in parentheses. |
Mentors have multiple roles, but “the core of mentoring is partnership” (Evans et al., 2016, p. 43). |
Evans, K., Nizette, D., & O’Brien, A. (2016). Psychiatric and mental health nursing (4th ed.). Elsevier. |
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| Edited book A book which includes chapters written by different authors. When referencing one chapter from an edited book, reference it as a “chapter in an edited book”. See below. |
Daly et al. (2017) explore how the context of nursing has changed. |
Daly, J., Speedy, S., & Jackson, D. (Eds.). (2017). Contexts of nursing: An introduction. Elsevier. |
| Chapter in an edited book In-text citation The author of the chapter is used for the citations. |
Usher and Holmes (2017) argue . . . . . . (Usher & Holmes, 2017). |
Usher, K., & Holmes, C. (2017). Reflective practice. In J. Daly, S. Speedy, & D. Jackson (Eds.), Contexts of nursing: An introduction (5th ed., pp. 111–127). Elsevier. |
| One volume of multi-volume work | World Health Organization (2013) outlines that . . . . . . (World Health Organization [WHO], 2013). |
World Health Organization. (2013). Manual of diagnostic ultrasound (2nd ed., Vol. 2). https://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/handle/10665/43881/ 9789241547451 _eng.pdf?sequence=1 |
| One issue or volume in an edited series | Body image is influenced by complex factors (Healey, 2014). |
Healey, J. (Ed.). (2014). Issues in society: Positive body image (Vol. 372). Spinney Press. |
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Ebooks
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Ebook available on the web In-text citation For direct quote in ebooks, use an approach that best helps the reader to find the quotation: • (Author, date, p. 3) • (Author, date, Chapter or section name, para. 3) • (Author, date, “Shortened chapter or section name”, para. 3) Reference list Include the author, date, book title, publisher and a DOI or publisher URL. If the ebook has no DOI and is found in an academic database, no URL is needed. |
“. . .” (Štumpf, 2017, p. 5). Štumpf (2017) defines . . . Koutoukidis et al. (2016) propose . . . |
Štumpf, M. (2017). Electromagnetic reciprocity in antenna theory. IEEE Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466420 Koutoukidis, G., Stainton, K., & Hughson, J. (2016). Tabbner’s nursing care: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Elsevier. |
| Ebook chapter available on the web | Piirto (2016) argues that “. . .” (p. 134). | Piirto, J. (2016). The five core attitudes and seven I’s of the creative process. In R. A., Beghetto & J. C., Kaufman (Eds.), Nurturing creativity in the classroom (2nd ed., pp. 131–161). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/ 9781316212899.011 |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Ebook available via ACQUIRE Reference list If the ebook is only found in ACQUIRE, use the database URL. If the ebook is widely available in academic databases, no URL is needed. |
According to Guo (2016), the main categories of differential equations . . . |
Guo, W. (2016). Advanced mathematics for engineering and applied sciences (3rd ed.). Pearson. |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) |
American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2013) . . . . . . (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). |
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 |
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Journals and magazines
Each reference includes the following details in this order: author’s surname, author’s initial(s), year of publication, article title (sentence case), name of
journal (in italics and title case), volume number (in italics), issue number (in parentheses), page range and a DOI if available. The volume number,
issue number and page range are usually printed at the top of the article above the abstract. This information can also be found in the footers of the
pages.
Use the DOI flow chart to help select the correct information to form a complete reference for your selected journal article: See Appendix G.
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Journal article with a DOI See Section 3 for a full explanation of what to include in a journal reference with a DOI. Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for all journals that have one. Https DOIs are hyperlinked (active, blue font and underlined). When an old DOI number is provided as doi:10.xxxx/xxxxx or http://dx.doi.org, change the DOI number to the https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx format. This allows the reader to directly access the journal. DOIs can often be found on the front page of the article. If you cannot find the DOI, check with https://www.crossref.org/ |
Hamacher et al. (2016) claim . . . . . . (Hamacher et al., 2016). Chapman et al. (2014) recommend that “. . .” (p. 6). The barriers include “. . .” (Chapman et al., 2014, p. 6). |
Hamacher, A., Kim, S. J., Cho, S. T., Pardeshi, S., Lee, S. H., Eun, S. J., & Whangbo, T. K. (2016). Application of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality to urology. International Neurourology Journal, 20(3), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.5213/inj.1632714.357 Chapman, R., Smith, T., & Martin, C. (2014). Qualitative exploration of the perceived barriers and enablers to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people accessing healthcare through one Victorian Emergency Department. Contemporary Nurse, 48(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/ 10.5172/conu.2014.48.1.48 |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Journal article without a DOI See Section 3 for a full explanation of what to include in a journal reference without a DOI. Example 1. For journals retrieved from academic databases, no URL is required. Examples of academic databases: APA PsycNET, PsycINFO, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Ebook Central, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, JSTOR (excluding primary source collections), MEDLINE, Nexis Uni, Ovid, ProQuest), PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science. Exception Example 2: Most journal articles do not require a retrieval date; however, on rare occasions, an article may need a retrieval date if it is retrieved from a database where the article is periodically updated. See UpToDate example. If the journal does not have a DOI and it is not retrieved from an academic database, include a URL that provides a direct link to the cited work. See Appendix I for citing multiple authors. See Appendix J for referencing multiple authors. |
Example 1 Klaus and Steinwedel (2015) . . . . . . (Klaus & Steinwedel, 2015). Example 2 Stein and Taylor (2019) claim that . . . . . . (Stein & Taylor, 2019). |
Example 1 Klaus, K., & Steinwedel, C. (2015). Maggot debridement therapy: Advancing to the past in wound care. MedSurg Nursing, 24(6), 407–411. Example 2 (exception to rule) Stein, M. B., & Taylor, C. T. (2019). Approach to treating social anxiety disorder in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved September 13, 2019, from https://www.uptodate. com/contents/approach-to-treating-social anxiety-disorder-in-adults?search= Approach%20to%20treating%20social%2 0anxiety%20disorder%20in%20adults&so urce=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150& usage_type=default&display_rank=1 |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Hard copy journal without a DOI Most journal articles are now accessed online. No URL is needed for hard copy journals. |
Darvin and Norton (2015) propose . . . Research suggests that identity is . . . (Darvin & Norton, 2015). |
Darvin, R., & Norton, B. (2015). Identity and a model of investment in applied linguistics. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 35, 36–56. |
| Missing volume or issue number If a journal does not have a volume number, don’t worry, simply include the volume number in italics followed by a comma. If both the volume and issue number are not provided, omit these elements from the reference. |
Class conscious reveals . . . (Kauffmann, 1993). |
Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038 |
| Systematic review Note. If a systematic review is found in a journal, reference it as a journal with a DOI or journal without a DOI. If a systematic review is found in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews or JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, cite as per examples below i.e., replace the journal name with the database name. |
||
| Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Articles from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews are only available in that database. Therefore, use the database name in place of the journal name as seen in example. Provide the author, date, article name, database name and DOI. |
Gallagher et al. (2019) state “…” (p. 4). . . . (Gallagher et al., 2019). |
Gallagher, M., Jones, D. J., & Bell‐Syer, S. V. (2019). Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infection after breast cancer surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858. CD005360.pub5 |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports The database name is in the place of the journal name. |
. . . (Starnes, 2019). Starnes (2019) identifies . . . |
Starnes, E., Palokas, M., & Hinton, E. (2019). Nurse-initiated spontaneous breathing trials in adult intensive care unit patients: A scoping review. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 17(11), 2248–2264. https:// doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-004025 |
| JBI Library of Systematic Reviews Provide a DOI when available. |
. . . (Chau et al., 2010). Chau et al. (2010) . . . |
Chau, J., Lee, D., & Lo, D. (2010). Eye irrigation for patients with ocular chemical burns: A systematic review. JBI Library of Systematic Reviews, 8(12), 470–519. https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2010-126 |
| Online magazine article Always evaluate information found in magazines for “scholarliness”—including bias, validity, trustworthiness of the authors etc. Magazines are not generally considered scholarly sources for research. If no DOI is available, include the URL that links to the article. If no volume, issue or page number is available, omit these elements. |
. . . (Enserink, 2020). | Enserink, M. (2020, January 10). Study disputes carbon dioxide-fish behavior link. Science, 367(6474), 128–129. https://doi.org/ 10.1126/science.367.6474.128 |
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Hard copy newspaper articles
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Hard copy newspaper article with an author In the reference list, do not omit the word “The” from any newspaper’s name. |
Higgins (2014) suggests that “Australian diplomats played a key role” in . . . (p. 3). |
Higgins, E. (2014, December 10). Consul key in China ice escape. The Australian, p. 3. |
Online news articles
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| A news article found on an online newspaper E.g., The Guardian, The Australian |
Morton (2019) “. . .” (p. 7). . . . (Morton, 2019). |
Morton, R. (2019, December 21). The long, hot summer. The Saturday Paper. https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/new s/environment/2019/12/21/the-long-hot summer/15768468009264 |
| A news article found on a news website E.g., ABC News, SBS News, Sky News |
Kelsey-Sugg and Nobel (2020) . . . . . . (Kelsey-Sugg & Nobel, 2020). |
Kelsey-Sugg, A., & Nobel, E. (2020, January 17). Postcode prejudice is rife in Australia — and it affects rich and poor. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01- 17/postcode-stigma-and-suburb-shaming in-australia/11802786 |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| A news article with no author found on an online newspaper E.g., The Economist, The Guardian In-text citation Place short titles in the place of the author: . . . (Emission Goal, 2018). Long titles are shortened are placed in double quotation marks in the place of the author: . . . (“Greek PM Calls,” 2014). Reference list If there is no author, move the title to the author position. |
Economists suggested that home ownership would bring economic stability (“Explaining the Failures,” 2020). |
Explaining the failures of the home-ownership dream. (2020, January 21). The Economist. https://www.economist. com/films/2020/01/21/explaining-the failures-of-the-home-ownership-dream |
| A news article with no author found on a news website Always check the validity of a site that has no author. In-text citation Long titles are shortened and placed in double quotation marks in the place of the author. Use title case. See section above for examples. Reference list If there is no author, move the title to the author position. |
SBS News (“Agriculture Business Points,” 2020) highlights that agriculture is expecting losses within . . . |
Agriculture business points to ‘extreme climatic conditions’ ahead of expected losses. (2020, January 17). SBS News. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/agriculture business-points-to-extreme-climatic conditions-ahead-of-expected-losses |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Book review published in an online newspaper | Groskop (2017) suggests that “. . .” (para. 1). |
Groskop, V. (2020, January 13). You’re not listening review: Why we must listen to our opponents [Review of the book You’re not listening: What you’re missing and why it matters, by K. Murphy]. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian. com/books/2020/jan/13/youre-not listening-kate-murphy-review |
Reports
Use sentence case for the title of a report, but always capitalise the first letter of proper nouns.
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Report (hard copy, individual author/s) | According to Fredericks et al. (2016), . . . . . . (Fredericks et al., 2016). |
Fredericks, B. L., Longbottom, M., McPhail-Bell, K., & Worner, F. (2016). Dead or deadly report: Waminda Aboriginal women’s health service. CQUniversity. |
| Report (online, individual author/s) Reference list If the author of the report is not the publisher, identify the publisher after the title of the report. |
Through investigating the literacy experiences of children in early childhood, the researchers came to the |
Scholfield, K., Bradbeer, S., Lyons, M., Johnson, K., & Williams. J. (2014). Literacy project report 2014. Southern Grampians Local |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| conclusion that . . . (Scholfield et al., 2014). |
Action Group. http://gsgllen.org.au/wp content/uploads/Literacy-Project-Report- 2014-FINAL-1.pdf |
|
| Report (online, corporate author) In-text citation Write the corporate author in full the first time of use. Follow it with an acronym if you intend to use the source again. See examples. Reference list If the author of the report is the same as the publisher, omit the publisher from the reference. |
First time World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) . . . . . . (World Health Organization [WHO], 2018). Subsequent times WHO (2018) . . . … (WHO, 2018). |
World Health Organization. (2018). Taking action on childhood obesity report. https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications /obesity/taking-action-childhood-obesity report/en/ |
| Government report (online, department as author) Reference list If the author of the report is the same as the publisher, omit the publisher from the reference. |
The Queensland Government has set out a number of initiatives to. . . (Department of Health, 2019). |
Department of Health. (2019). 2018-2019 Annual report. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/ __data/assets/pdf_file/0019/882010/19092 7-DoH-Annual-Report-2018-19.pdf |
| Government report (online, individual author/s) Reference list If the author of the report is not the publisher, identify the publisher after the title of the report. |
Polyakova and Fried (2019) state that “foreign interference in democratic elections . . . ” (para. 1). Polyakova and Fried (2019) . . . |
Polyakova, A., & Fried, D. (2019). Democratic defence against disinformation 2.0. Atlantic Council. https://www. atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research |
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Conference papers
If the year the paper was presented differs from the year it was published, give the year of publication.
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Conference sessions and presentations Reference list Types of contributions: [Conference session]. [Paper presentation]. [Poster presentation]. |
Harris et al. (2019) suggests that widening participation . . . |
Harris, L., Dargusch, J., Vanderburg, R., & Richardson, S. (2020, December 1–5). Transitioning to university: VET-entry students’ accounts of assessment challenges and supports [Conference session]. Australian Association for Research in Education. https://www. aareconference.com.au/assets/1c91f22c9e/ Session-book-with-abstract-titles-v7.pdf |
| Symposium contribution | Smallwood (2019) . . . . . . (Smallwood, 2019). |
Smallwood, G. (2019, September 18-19). Closing the gap between Indigenous and non Indigenous Australians. In L. Sinclair (Chair), Thinking innovatively in collaborative health care practice [symposium]. CQUNoosa Institute – Wide Bay Health Symposium, Bundaberg. http://bit.ly/33l3fZ1 |
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Dissertation or master’s thesis
| Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis For unpublished master’s thesis, replace [Unpublished doctoral dissertation] with [Unpublished master’s thesis]. |
In her thesis, Olaithe (2014) examines the relationship between . . . . . . (Olaithe, 2014). |
Olaithe, M. (2014). Neurocognitive disturbance in obstructive sleep apnoea: Mechanisms of harm [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Western Australia. |
| Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Available online via a commercial database) For a master’s thesis, replace [Doctoral dissertation, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree] with [Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. |
Finn (2018) states that “ . . . ” (p. 9). “ . . . ” (Finn, 2018, p. 9). |
Finn, C. B. (2018). Learning to learn with gradients (Publication No. 10930398) [Doctoral dissertation, Berkeley]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. |
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Webpage or standalone document on the web
Include the following details in this order: author’s surname, author’s initial(s), year, title of document or webpage, site name (if different from author)
and finally the web address. Remember, for online sources, the author is not always a person. Instead, it could be an organisation, a company, a
government department, etc. URLs should be hyperlinked (Active, blue font and underlined).
For in-text citations, write the organisation’s name in full followed by the acronym in parentheses for the first in-text citation. Subsequent in-text
citations only use the acronym. See examples below. In addition, see Appendices C to E for more detail about abbreviations and acronyms.
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Standalone document on the web See Section 3 for guidance on how to reference a standalone document on the web. In-text citation The title of a standalone document such as a report is in title case and in italics. Reference list Year of publication on the web in parentheses. The month and day can be provided if available e.g., (2020, February 25). Provide as specific a date is available. Use n.d. if no date is provided. The title is in sentence case. URLs in a reference list should link directly to the text were possible. URLs are hyperlinked (blue, active and underlined). Very long URL can be shortened using a using URL shortening service. Ensure that it links directly to the correct location. |
The Australian Early Development Census National Report 2018 indicates that Queensland had a 98% child participation rate in 2018 comparted with . . . (Australian Early Development Census [AEDC], 2019). First citation The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses outlines that nurses have four core responsibilities (International Council of Nurses [ICN], 2012). Subsequent citations . . . (ICN, 2012). |
Australian Early Development Census. (2019). Australian early development census national report 2018. https://www.aedc. gov.au/resources/detail/2018-aedc national-report International Council of Nurses. (2012). The ICN code of ethics for nurses. https://www.icn. ch/sites/default/files/inline-iles/2012_ICN_ Codeofethicsfornurses _%20eng.pdf |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Information on a webpage In-text citation Note 1. If the webpage provides information via both the PDF and HTML, it is easier to quote the page number on a PDF document. Note 2. When quoting online information, use the page numbers if visible. If page numbers are not provided, use paragraph numbers. When there are no paragraph numbers, provide the closest heading as well as the number of paragraphs following it. See notes on paragraph numbers in Appendix E and the JBI example. References list Date: Provide as specific a date is available e.g., (2020, February 25). Use “n.d.” if no date is provided. Title: The title is in sentence case and italics. Site name: When the site name is different from the author, include the site name: See Example 2. URL: link directly to the text were possible. URLs are hyperlinked (blue, active and underlined). |
First citation The HERI Budget Overview 2019-20 indicates that the Unique Student Identifier will be extended to higher education (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2019). Subsequent citations . . . (DET, 2019). . . . (Pollard, 2017). Pollard (2020) outlines “. . .” (para. 1). |
Department of Education (2019, April 9). HERI budget overview 2019-20. https:// www.education.gov.au/heri-budget overview-2019-20 Pollard, S. (2020, February 14). New tools help communities measure and reduce their emissions. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/new-tools help-communities-measure-and-reduce their-emissions-locally-128627 |
| Information on the web with no date The copyright date often found at the bottom of the webpage is not necessarily the date of publication. Proceed with caution when a source does not provide a publication date. Use infrequently. |
There are five key factors in wound assessment: tissue type, wound exudate, peri-wound condition, pain level and size (Ausmed, n.d.). |
Ausmed. (n.d.) Wound care: A guide to practice for healthcare professional. https://www.ausmed.com.au/guides/wound -care |
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Government documents found online
Give the organisation’s name in full the first time, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Use only the abbreviation in subsequent citations.
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Standalone document from a government website In-text citation For in-text citations, the title of a standalone document such as a report (technical, government etc.) is in title case and in italics within the body of the text. Reference list Use the government department or agency as author. The title of a downloaded document within a reference list is in sentence case i.e., only capitalise the first letter of the first word and the first letter of any proper noun (Australia). Indicate a subtitle with a colon and capitalise the first letter after the colon i.e., Title: Subtitle If the author is different from the site name, include the site name after the title: title case not in italics. |
First citation The Department of Education (2018) indicates . . . The National Strategic Framework for Rural and Remote Health is a tool for governance and . . . (Department of Health, 2011). . . . (Queensland Studies Authority [QSA], 2010). QSA (2011) provides a . . . |
Department of Education. (2018). Advancing rural and remote education in Queensland state schools. https://education.qld.gov.au/ schools-and-educators/other-education/ Documents/advancing-rural-education-qld state-schools-action-plan.pdf Department of Health. (2011). National strategic framework for rural and remote health. https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/ publishing.nsf/Content/national-strategic framework-rural-remote-health Queensland Studies Authority. (2010). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages: P-10 Queensland syllabus. Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority. https://www.qcaa.qld.edu.au/downloads/p_ 10/atsi_languages_p-10_syll.pdf |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Australian Bureau of Statistics online When quoting online information, use the paragraph number if a page number is not provided. When there are no paragraph numbers, provide the closest heading as well as the number of paragraphs following it. |
Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2019) indicates that male births outnumbered females by 2% in 2018. |
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019). Births, Australia, 2018 (cat. no. 3301. 0). https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@ .nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/F41B99AB23 4B2074CA25792F00161838?OpenDocum ent |
| Government press releases | The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, 2019) outline . . . . . . (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [CSIRO], 2019). |
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. (2019, December 12). World’s largest machine learning conference comes to Australia [Press release]. https://www.csiro.au/en /News/News-releases/2019/Worlds largest-machine-learning-conference comes-to-Australia |
| Fact sheet | The Department of Health (2015) identifies key strategies in the prevention of tick bites. |
Department of Health. (2015). Tick bite prevention [Fact sheet]. https://www1. health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/ Content/ohp-tick-bite-prevention.htm |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Webpages from the same author, same year Reference list Order in accordance with webpage title (alphabetically). Proper nouns in the webpage title are capitalised: names of places, people etc. |
According to Queensland Health (2018a), the . . . . . . (Queensland Health, 2018b). According to Queensland Health (2018b), . . . |
Queensland Health. (2018a). Potentially hazardous foods [Fact sheet]. https://www.qld.gov.au/health/staying healthy/environmental/food/poisoning/haz ardous-foods Queensland Health. (2018b). Seeing a dietitian [Fact sheet]. https://www.qld.gov.au/ health/staying-healthy/diet nutrition/dietitians |
| Patents In-text citation Provide the inventor’s name and the issue date. Reference list Provide the inventor’s name, date, name of patent, IP number in parentheses, IP Australia and URL. |
Carroll (2017) formalised and protected the solar pool heater . . . . . . (Carroll, 2017). |
Carroll, P. (2017). Solar pool heater (2017904561). IP Australia. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat /applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=201 7904561 |
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Legal documents
As per the APA 7th Manual, consult the Bluebook for more guidance on constructing reference list entries for legal sources. In-text citation examples
follow the rules set out in the APA 7th Manual. The Bluebook A uniform system of citation available via the ALC reading list.
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Act, Bill or Regulation In-text citation The title of the Act, Bill or Regulation replaces the author’s name. Reference list The year is included in the title. Act: Title is in italics. Bill: Title is not in italics. Regulation: Title is in italics. When referring to the Act or Bill as a whole or citing multiple sections in text, do not provide the section numbers in the reference list. |
Act According to the Trade Practices Act (1947), . . . . . . (Trade Practices Act, 1947). Bill The Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Reduction (Principle Target) Amendment Bill (2018) aims to . . . Regulations The Family Law Regulation (1984) underpins . . . . . . (Family Law Regulation, (1984). |
Act Trade Practices Act 1947 (Cth) § 2 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C20 10C00426 Bill Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Reduction (Principle Target) Amendment Bill 2018 (Cth) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.act. gov.au/b/db_60088 Regulations Family Law Regulation 1984 (Cth) reg 20(3) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov. au/Details/F2017C00645 |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Legal case See example in Section 3 for more details. In-text citation The case name replaces the author’s name. Reference List Include the number of proceedings in square brackets after the case name if there are multiple proceedings between parties. |
According to the case of Mabo v Queensland (1992), it is possible to claim . . . . . . (Mabo v Queensland, 1992) |
Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1. |
| Legislation and regulation abbreviations Many abbreviations are used when citing legal documents. See common abbreviations above or an explanation of the abbreviations in Appendix E. Common abbreviations Section(s) § or §§ Chapter(s) ch or chs Schedule(s) sch or schs Rule(s) r or rr Regulation(s) reg or regs |
When citing government legal or standards documents, use the abbreviation such as s or ss for pinpoint references. In-text citation In § 4 of the Copyright Act (1968), several . . . … (Copyright Act, 1968, §§ 4–7). |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Standards Standards are documents with specifications, procedures and guidelines that aim to ensure products, services and systems are safe, consistent and reliable. They are based on industrial, scientific and consumer experience. In-text citation Please note that the name of an organisation or document should be written in full the first time you use it, followed by the relevant acronym. Thereafter, use only the acronym. Reference list For hard copy versions, replace the URL with the publisher, as seen in book example in Section 3. |
The Australian Standard 4685.0:2017 provides guidance on the development, installation, inspection, maintenance and operation of playgrounds (Standards Australia, 2017). Standard 1, Action 1.9 of the National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards (NSQHS) places an importance on reporting to governing bodies in a timely manner (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care [ACSQHC], 2017). The Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (APST) Standard 1.2 highlights the importance of knowing how students learn (Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership [AITSL], 2011). |
Standards Australia. (2017). Playground equipment and surfacing – Part 0: Development, installation, inspection, maintenance and operation (AS 4685.0:2017). https://www.standards .org.au/standards-catalogue/sa-snz/ consumer/cs-005/as–4685-dot-0-colon- 2017 Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. (2017). National safety and quality health service standards (2nd ed.). https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/public ations-and-resources/resource library/national-safety-and-quality-health service-standards-second-edition Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership. (2011). Australian professional standards for teachers. https://www.aitsl. edu.au/teach/standards |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Government debates recorded in Hansard | Nicole Flint, Member for Boothby, move to “level . . .” (Commonwealth, 2017, p. 2490). The Honourable Anastasia Palaszczuk outlined commitments to Queensland’s “…” (Queensland Parliament, 2017, p. 3332). |
Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 20 March 2017, 2490 (Nicole Flint, Member for Boothby) https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/ parlInfo/download/chamber/hansardr/8f5fc e8e-c3b9-4c68-a24f-a6b51d0b7f9/toc_pdf/ House%20 of%20Representatives_2017 _03_20_4846_Official.pdf;fileType=applic ation%2Fpdf Queensland Parliament, Record of Proceedings, 26 October 2017, 3332 (Hon. Anastasia Palaszczuk, Queensland Premier) (Austl.). https://www. parliament.qld.gov.au/ documents/hansard/2017/2017_10_26_WE EKLY.pdf |
| Coroner’s report | The inquest findings from the State Coroner, Mr Michael Barnes, highlights that . . . (Office of the State Coroner, 2011). |
Office of the State Coroner. (2011). Inquest into the death of Ryan Charles Saunders (COR 4449/07(0)). Queensland Courts. https://www.courts.qld.gov.au/__data/asset |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list |
| The inquest findings highlight . . . (Office of the State Coroner, 2011). |
s/pdf_file/0004/107536/cif-saunders-rc- 20111007.pdf |
University-provided electronic and multimedia study materials
Suggested texts such as journal articles, book chapters or webpages should be cited and referenced as an original source; see section related to books,
book chapters, journals, ebooks etc.). CQUniversity provided study materials such as Study Guides may also be referenced; see section below.
However, try to source published or reputable resource material where possible. The sources below should not be used too frequently. Other sources that
you have located while researching are more suitable.
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Lecture notes available on CQUniversity e-Units (Moodle) If the notes are available to the audience you are writing for, cite and reference as indicated. If the work is for professional publication, cite the sources as personal communication. Reference list For sites which require a “log in”, the URL should be the homepage or log in URL. |
Smith (2020) outlines three . . . | Smith, A. (2020, February 14). Title of notes [Lecture notes on Aboriginal land rights]. CQU Moodle. https://moodle.cqu.edu.au |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| PowerPoint presentation on Moodle When referencing a PowerPoint widely available on the web, see specialised sources section. When quoting, provide the slide number instead of the page number. |
. . . (Smith, 2019). “. . .” (Smith, 2020, Slide 4). |
Smith. A. (2019, January 23). Title of PowerPoint. [PowerPoint slides]. CQU Moodle. https://moodle.cqu.edu.au |
| Discussion board message posted to Moodle Cite Moodle posts as personal communication. |
According to T. Brown (personal communication, January 6, 2020), . . . |
n/a |
| Echo360 presentation or video on Moodle Cite as CQUniversity created Echo360 presentations or videos as per example. Videos created outside the university (TED talks, YouTube, Videos podcasts etc.) are cited and referenced as per example in specialised sources. In-text citation When quoting information from video, provide a time stamp for the start of the quotation e.g., 2:12. No time stamp is needed for paraphrasing. |
. . . (Smith, 2020). “. . .” (Smith, 2020, 2:14). |
Smith, A. (2020, January 23). Title of Echo360 or video [Video]. CQU Moodle. https://moodle.cqu.edu.au |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Personal communication E.g., emails, text messages, online chats, direct messages, personal interviews (not research interviews), phone conversations, live speech and unrecorded classroom lectures. Personal communication is cited in-text, but not included in the reference list. RHD Students: See pp. 259-261 of the APA (7th ed.) Publication Manual for guidance on quoting research participants. |
Associate Professor A. Ambrosetti (personal communication, December 5, 2019) outlined the key . . . Note. Do not use personal communication for quotes (APA, 2020, p. 260). |
n/a n/a |
| Source referred to in a study guide: Secondary source Warning: Only use this type of referencing if the original cannot be found. Use secondary sources sparingly. In-text citation First cite the original source of the idea (primary source) and follow this with the source from which you read it (secondary source). Reference list Reference the author of the study guide. This might be CQUniversity or the unit coordinator. The title of the study guide is written as it appears on the front of the document. It might also include the term date. |
Brown et al. (2010, as cited in Heidke, 2020) warn . . . . . . (Brown et al., 2010, as cited in Heidke, 2020). |
Heidke, P. (2020). NURS11158 Evidence informed nursing practice: Study guide Term 1 2020. CQU Moodle https://moodle.cqu.edu.au |
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Specialised sources
| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| An artistic work (e.g., painting, photograph) If you have included an image in your work (i.e., a copy of the image), you are required to number, title, cite and reference the image. Go to Section 3: Tables and figures and see Appendix K for assistance with citing figures. If you have not included the image in your work, but you had discussed the image, cite and reference the image as shown in the examples provided. Note 1. Where no author details have been provided, place the title of the work in the author/artist position. See Example 2. Note 2. Insert square brackets after the title to list the type of artistic work e.g., photograph, sculpture, painting etc. See Example 3. Note 3. When there is no give title, provide a brief description of the work in square brackets in place of the title e.g., [A photograph of…]. See Example 4. |
McCurry (1985) captures the . . . Warsaw Ghetto Boy (1943) depicts . . . Barak (1880) depicts the ceremony through vivid use of . . . Lorenzo (2018) captures the depersonalised plight of refugees living in difficult circumstances. |
McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www. nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/10/ afghan-girl-sharbat-gula-arrested/ Warsaw Ghetto Boy [Photograph]. (1943). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_boy Barak, W. (1880). Ceremony with rainbow serpent [Painting]. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/col lection/work/1753/ Lorenzo, T. (2018). [Photograph of a Yemen woman stands in roofless house]. The Pulitzer Prises. https://www.pulitzer. org/winners/lorenzo-tugnoli washington-post |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Audiobook Add the word Audiobook in square brackets after the book title. If the date of digitalisation was different from the recording date, give the date of the original recording in parentheses (round brackets) after the URL. |
Starting a budget can seem overwhelming; however, the right tips can provide significant savings (Pape, 2018). |
Pape, S. (2018). The barefoot investor: The only money guide you’ll ever need [Audiobook]. Audible. https://www.audible. com.au/pd/The Barefoot-InvestorAudiobook/ B072JX1MH6?qid=1581399943&sr=1- 1&pf_rd_p=771c6463-05d7-4981-1 |
| Audio podcast episode A podcast is a digital source in the form of an audio or video file which can be download from the web. In-text citation For a quote of an audio or video podcast, provide the time at the start of the quotation e.g., 2:12. No time needed for paraphrasing. Reference list The host is the author. Year, month day. Provide the name of the program. Then identify the type of audio podcast episode in square brackets after the program title. Then provide program, followed by the site name and URL. |
Therefore, “mitochondria are the so-called powerhouses of our cells” (Kruszelnicki, 2017, 0:48). |
Kruszelnicki, K. (Host). (2017, November 21). Mitochondria: Fiery powerhouses [Audio podcast episode]. In Great Moment in Science. ABC Radio National. https://www.abc.net.au/ radionational/programs/greatmomentsin science/mitochondria-fiery powerhouses/9158506 |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Blog | Singh (2019) suggests . . . . . . (Singh, 2019). |
Singh, S. (2019, December 9). Help refugee students transition to tertiary ed and everyone wins. Australian Association for Research in Education. https://www.aare.edu.au/blog/?p=4978 |
| Dictionary (hard copy – authors/editors) | The Gibson walking splint . . . (Harris et al., 2014). |
Harris, P., Nagy, S., & Vardaxis, N. (Eds.). (2014). Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions (3rd ANZ ed.). Elsevier. |
| Dictionary (online) Use n.d. as the year of publication for work that is not archived and is continuously updated. Add a retrieval date instead. For multiple entries of the same author with no date, letter each entry: (n.d. -a) (n.d. -b). |
Quinine is defined as . . . (McMillan Dictionary, n.d.). |
McMillan Dictionary. (n.d.). Quinine. In McMillan Dictionary. Retrieved January 22, 2020, from https://www.macmillandictionary.com/ dictionary/british/quinine |
| Encyclopaedia (hard copy – author/editor) | Stage actors require a broad range of skills to use in theatre (Williams, 2015). |
Williams, S. (Ed.). (2015). The Cambridge encyclopaedia of stage actors and acting. Cambridge University Press. |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Encyclopaedia entry (online – author/editor) When no date is provided and the content is continuously changing, use a retrieval date and use n.d. for the date of publication. For multiple entries of the same author with no date, letter each entry: (n.d. -a) (n.d. -b). |
According to Heath (n.d.), there are between 200 to 300 Indigenous languages across Australia. |
Heath, J. G. (n.d.). Australian Aboriginal Languages. In Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2020, from https://www.britannica. com/search?query=+Australian+Aborig inal+languages |
| Encyclopaedia entry (online – group author) When content is continuously changing, include a retrieval date. For multiple entries of the same author with no date, letter each entry: (n.d. -a) (n.d. -b). |
According to Encyclopedia.com (n.d.), handwashing is a vital factor in avoiding the spread of infection. |
Encyclopedia.com (n.d.). Hand washing. In Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 14, 2020, from https://www.encyclopedia. com/media/educational-magazines/ handwashing |
| Facebook post or page To reference a Facebook update, write status update in square brackets after the update title. This format can be used for other social media services: LinkedIn etc. To reference a Facebook page, write Facebook page in square brackets after the word timeline. Use n.d. for Facebook page date; however, add retrieval date. |
Plans to automate essay scoring have not been implemented (ABC News, 2018). Gates (n.d.) explores the themes of female identity and . . . |
ABC News. (2018, January 29). Robot marking of NAPLAN tests scrapped. [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/abcnews.au/ posts/10158046171864988 Gates, M. (n.d.). Timeline [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 15, 2020, |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| from https://www.facebook.com/ melindagates/ |
||
| Film or video | In the film Ride It Like a Girl, Griffiths (2019) celebrates diversity by . . . Key features of the teaching style include . . . (Blake Education, 2009). |
Griffiths, R. (Director). (2019). Ride it like a girl [Film]. Transmission Films. Blake Education. (2009). Go facts: Natural disasters [DVD]. Teacher Superstore. https://www.teachersuperstore.com.au/ go-facts-natural-disasters-dvd-video |
| Forum post (not Moodle) Also consider examples for blogs, twitter and Facebook post. Note. Unit forums on Moodle should be cited as personal communication; see section University provided electronic and multimedia study materials. |
National Aeronautical and Space Administration (2020) offers an opportunity for anyone to discuss historical spaceflights. |
National Aeronautical and Space Administration [nasa]. (2020, November 2). Historical spaceflight: Missions that were, or will never be. [Online forum post]. NASA Spaceflight. https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/ |
| Historical source on the web Citation When quoting, include the page number or paragraph number. Reference list |
Diary Nightingale (1896) identified washing habits as . . . Letter |
Nightingale, F. (1896). Children’s Watch: Victoria [Diary]. British Library. https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/ite m106505.html |
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| When there is no give title, provide a brief description of the work in square brackets in place of the title See second example. For religious work, ancient Greek or Roman work, see Chapter 10 of the APA Manual on the ALC e reading list. |
Nightingale (1860) indicates the relationship between clean air and patient health. |
Nightingale, F. (1860). [Letter from Florence Nightingale describing the benefits of clean air]. British Library. https://www.bl.uk/collection items/letter-from-florence-nightingale describing-the-benefits-of-clean-air |
| JBI Evidence summary Note. JBI Evidence Summaries are referenced as a document on the web. For evidence summaries found in a journal, reference it as a journal article. Reference list URLs in a reference lists should link directly to the text were possible. URLs are hyperlinked (blue, active and underlined). When the author is different from the site name, include the site name after the title and [Evidence summary]. |
Pressure injuries are . . . (Moola, 2019). Moola (2019) states that “. . .” (p. 2). |
Moola, S. (2019, March 4). Pressure injuries (burns): Pressure relieving mattresses [Evidence summary]. The Joanna Briggs Institute. http://connect.jbiconnectplus .org/ViewDocument.aspx?0=21817 |
| JBI Recommended practice When the author and the site name are the same, omit the site name in the reference. As seen in example provided. |
First citation Basic hand hygiene is . . . (Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI], 2016). Subsequent citations Therefore, . . . (JBI, 2016). |
Joanna Briggs Institute. (2016, January 11). Basic hand hygiene [Recommended practice]. http://connect.jbiconnectplus .org/ViewPdf.aspx?0=13569&1=2 |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Map When you have included a copy of the map, go to Section 3 for guidance on how to title, cite and reference a figure: Also see Appendix K for citation templates. When you have not included a copy of the map, but you are just discussing its contents, cite and reference as per examples provided. When a map is continuously changing (e.g., Google Maps), it may not have a title, so include a description of the map in square brackets and include a retrieval date. See second example. Note. When including the image in text or in an appendix, see section on tables and figures about how to cite the image: See Appendix K. |
The water usage throughout Queensland indicates . . . (Department of Natural Resources and Mines [DNRME], 2019). According to Google (n.d.), the duration between Brisbane and Sydney can vary from 10 hours 10 minutes to 14 hours 17 minutes, depending on the mode of transportation. |
Department of Natural Resources and Mines. (2019). Queensland globe watercourse identification map [Map]. https://qldglobe.information.qld.gov.au/ qldglobe/public/watercourse identification-map-2 Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for transport from Brisbane to Sydney]. Retrieved February 12, 2020, from https://www.google.com/maps/@- 27.4642284,153.0019474,12z |
| MIMS Change three parts of the reference: 1. medication name 2. retrieval date 3. URL. |
MIMS Australia. (n.d.). Keflex. In MIMS Online. Retrieved February 3, 2020, from https://www.mimsonline.com.au/ Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Pro duct%20Info&searchKeyword=Keflex &PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch. aspx&SearchType=&ID=8630001_2 |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Mobile App If you are not paraphrasing or quoting from the app, but just mentioning it in-text, you do not need to cite and reference it, just provide the software name and the version. However, if you are paraphrasing or quoting from the app, cite and reference it. |
Not quoted or paraphrased Data sets were analysed with IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 25). Quoting or paraphrasing Skyscape (2013) … |
Skyscape. (2013). Skyscape medical Library (Version 2.6.21). [Mobile app]. App Store. https://apps.apple.com/ au/app/skyscape-medical library/id818609413 |
| Musical score Reference list: For additional detail, use square brackets to indicate the type of score (e.g., vocal or orchestral score). Example: Fiddler of the Roof [Orchestral score]. |
The score by Bock (1964) . . . | Bock, J. (1964). Fiddler on the roof [Vocal score]. Warner Chappell. |
| Pamphlet or brochure Reference list: Place the word pamphlet or brochure in square brackets after the title. When no date is provided, add n.d. for the date of publication. |
Although the most common site of an injection is the forearm, other locations may be acceptable (Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI], n.d.). |
Joanna Briggs Institute. (n.d.). Injections [Pamphlet]. http://connect. jbiconnectplus.org/ViewPdf.aspx?0=13 &1=9 |
| Personal communication E.g., emails, text messages, online chats, direct messages, personal interviews (not research interviews), phone conversations, live speech and unrecorded classroom lectures. Personal communication is cited in-text, but not included in the reference list. |
Associate Professor A. Ambrosetti (personal communication, December 5, 2019) outlined the key . . . Note. Do not use personal communication for quotes (APA, 2020, p. 260). |
n/a |
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| RHD Students: See pp. 259-261 of the APA (7th ed.) Publication Manual for guidance on quoting research participants. |
||
| PowerPoint (not in Moodle) Note. If date of publication is not present on the slides, click the file tab to locate the date. When quoting, provide the slide number instead of the page number. |
. . . (Department of Education, 2018). “. . .” (Department of Education, 2018, Slide 2). |
Department of Education. (2018). Infection Control [PowerPoint slides]. http://education.qld.gov.au/health/safet y/hazards/infection.html |
| Radio transcript from a webpage If it is not evident from the title of the transcript, use square brackets to include a description of form [Podcast transcript], [Speech transcript], [Interview transcript] etc. |
Psychiatrist, Dr Iain McGilchrist suggests that only 2% of neurons in each hemisphere of the brain cross (Malcolm, 2017). |
Malcolm, L. (Host). (2017, November 26). All in the Mind: The divided brain [Podcast transcript]. ABC Radio National. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/pr ograms/allinthemind/the-divided brain/8895804 |
| Shakespeare Provide the original publication date and the edited publication date. For play quotations, cite the act, scene and line. |
. . . (Shakespeare, 1603/2018). Shakespeare (1603/2018) . . . “. . .” (Shakespeare, 1603/2018, 3.1.57). |
Shakespeare, W. (2018). Hamlet (A. B. Braunmuller, Ed.). Penguin Classics. (Original work published 1603). |
| Software packages | . . . (Web of Science Group, 2020). | Web of Science Group. (2020). EndNote (X9) [Computer software]. http://endnote.com |
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| Song | Australian lyricists, such as Odette, directly tackle issues relating to relationship dynamics. In her lyrics, Brighton (2018) states that “. . .”. |
Brighton, O. (2018). Take it to the heart [Song]. On To a Stranger. EMI Recorded Music Australia. |
| Tables and figures If you have included a copy of a table or figure (image, map, painting etc.) in your assignment, go to Section 3: Tables and figures for guidance on how to number, title, cite and refence a copy of a table or figure. If you have not included a copy of a table or figure, but you have discussed the contents of the table or figure, cite and refence it as seen in the example provided. Note. See Section 3 for more instructions. |
McCurry (1985) captures . . . | McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www. nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/10/ afghan-girl-sharbat-gula-arrested/ |
| TED talk When the TED talk comes from the TED website, identify the author is the speaker. |
There is a need to explore our moral and social interactions with nature (Safina, 2015). |
Safina, C. (2015, October). What are animals thinking and feeling? [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=- wkdH_wluhw |
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| Television advertisement For YouTube videos, the person or organisation who uploaded the video is credited even if they did not create the work When the author is different form the site name, include the site name before the URL. |
. . . (Them Advertising, 2015). | Them Advertising. (2015, November 30). Pope products: The better way to water [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvl V8x05EZ4 |
| Television episode or webisode In-text tip: Place the name of the episode in double quotation marks but the TV series name in italics when referring to them in the body of the text. If a broadcast transcript is available, reference sources as a television transcript. Transcripts from programs such as Australian Story are available online. See “television transcript” for referencing guidance. |
The Mystery Road episode “The Truth” explores themes of . . . (McGregor & Perkins, 2018). |
McGregor, S. (Writer), & Perkins, R. (Director). (2018, July 1). The truth (Season 1, Episode 6) [TV series episode]. In J. Sen, I (Executive producer), Mystery Road. Bunya Productions & Golden Road Productions. |
| Television transcript | The Australian Story Out of the Woods reveals how Gregory Smith . . . (Gorman & Clark, 2019). |
Gorman, V., & Clark, M. (Producers). (2019, December 12). Australian story: Out of the woods [Program transcript]. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/austory/out-of the-woods/11790238 |
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| Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples The way Oral Traditions or Oral Histories are cited and referenced depends on how the information has been recorded. If the information has been recorded through retrievable means (video, audio, transcripts, book etc.), cite the information as per source. “Work with Indigenous Peoples to ensure the material is appropriate to publish” (APA, 2020, p. 260). In-text citation For non-retrievable information, cite as personal communication. Provide enough detail in-text to describe the content and context of the information. Reference list For non-retrievable information, no reference list entry is required. RHD Students: See pp. 259-261 of the APA (7th ed.) Publication Manual for guidance on quoting research participants. |
We spoke with Jade Gould (The Butchulla people, lives on K’gari, Queensland, Australia, personal communication, January 2020) about traditional plant knowledge passed down to her by her mother. Jade described . . . |
No reference list entry required. |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| Twitter Give the Tweeter’s name, if known, followed by their screen name in square brackets. If the Tweeter’s name is not known, use their screen name instead. In this case, it should not go in square brackets e.g., CQUniversity. (2020, January 1). |
Gillard (2019) acknowledges the . . . | Gillard, J. [@JuliaGillard]. (2019, December 9). To everyone caught up in the terrible events on Whakaari Island – victims, family, friends, colleagues, and rescuers – my thoughts are with you [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/JuliaGillard?ref_src =twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eser p%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor |
| Unpublished manuscript [Unpublished manuscript] [Manuscript in preparation] [Manuscript submitted for publication] |
Anderson et al. (2020) identify that e-bike usage is strongly linked to decreased levels of depression and anxiety. |
Anderson, C., Vandelanotte, C., Howie, V., & Clarkson D. (2020). Mental health benefits of e-bike usage for regional Australians [Manuscript in preparation]. School of Nursing and Midwifery, CQUniversity. |
| Wiki Use the topic title as author when the author is not known. |
Needs assessment can be defined as . . . (“Needs Assessment,” n.d.). |
Needs assessment. (2020, January 13). In Wikipedia. https://psychology.wikia .org/wiki/Needs_assessment |
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| In-text citation examples | Model to follow in the reference list | |
| YouTube or another streaming video platform Warning: Where possible, try to locate the video file from a reputable host site. See video podcast example. Note. Credit the poster as the author. Provide the real name in the following format: Author, A. A., followed by the user name inside parentheses (if available e.g., Fogarty, M. (Grammar Girl). Only include the user name, without parentheses, if the person’s real name is unavailable. |
Carl Safina highlights the need for humans to explore their moral and social relationship to nature (TED, 2016). |
TED. (2016, July 13). What are animals thinking and feeling, and why is why it should matter: Carl Safina [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=wkdH_wluhw Nursing Media CQU. (2019, June 3). Nurse 2 (grumpy nurse) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kf w63dx9XWM |
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Appendices
Appendix A: What do the terms and abbreviations used in this guide mean?
| Key terms | Explanation |
| Appendix | An appendix (single) or appendices (multiple) is placed after the reference list. Each appendix is on a new page. The word “Appendix” is in the centre and bold with an identifying capital letter e.g., Appendix A. Each appendix is placed in order that they appear in the text. When referring to information contained in an Appendix, write a sentence clearly stating where that information can be found. Example: The survey used can be found in Appendix A. You can also use referencing brackets (parentheses) to direct the reader to the information (see Appendix A). For guidance on how to refer to a table placed in an appendix, see Section 2: How to use tables and figures. |
| Author | The person, group or organisation that created the source. There may be single or multiple authors; or single or multiple editors; or organisations may be credited as authors rather than specific individuals. If the source has no designated author, you may use the title in place of the author. |
| Bibliography | A complete list of all sources consulted when preparing a piece of work, whether cited in-text or not. It records the full publication details of each source in the same way as for a reference list. Use a bibliography only if specifically requested to do so. |
| Copy or reproduce | Inserting an image, figure or table from a source into your own work without modifying it in any way. If you reproduce a table or figure within your work, you should label appropriately. See section on tables and figures and Appendix K. |
| Ebook (ebook) | An ebook is an electronic version of a hard copy book that can be downloaded. However, printed copies may not exist, and the ebook may be the only version of the text. You may find a complete book or chapters of the ebook. Some of these are free, but others must be bought from publishers or suppliers. |
| In-text citation or in-text referencing |
This is an acknowledgement of any paraphrased or quoted information used within an assignment. It is a record of the author, date of publication and sometimes page number of any sources used. Use surnames for in-text citations (no initials). The position of the in-text citation varies depending on whether you use author |
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| Key terms | Explanation |
| prominent or information prominent citations. An essay with few or no citations will be a cause of concern, and it may indicate plagiarism or limited research. See Section 2. |
|
| Journal article | Journals are collections of articles that are published on a regular basis to report current research within a discipline. Journals are sometimes referred to as magazines, periodicals or serials. |
| Paraphrase | Paraphrasing is putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. When you paraphrase, you must provide an in-text citation to show that the material comes from another source. “Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one …[to] help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work” (APA, 2020, p. 269). Check with your lecturer for their preference around the inclusion of page numbers when paraphrasing and summarising. |
| Quotation | A direct quotation is the exact reproduction of someone’s words. A quote is marked with double quotation marks or other special formatting. It requires a citation. See Section 2: How to use direct quotes. |
| Reference list | The complete list of all sources paraphrased or quoted used in your work. The reference list appears at the end of your work. It records the full publication details of each source, and it is arranged in alphabetical order. Every in-text citation should appear in the reference list, and every item in the reference list should be mentioned at least once in the assignment. Additionally, the citations that appear in the text must have the same spellings and dates as the ones in the reference list. See Appendix H for a checklist. |
| Source | The place where the information was found. Source type refers to whether the source is a book, article, webpage etc. and whether it is a hard copy or electronic. Referencing rules differ for each source type. |
| Summary | A brief account of another person’s ideas or research in your own words. A summary of a work or section of a work, or a general reference to someone’s work or ideas, requires a citation. |
| URL | This is the abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator (URL). It also known as the web address. The URL should link directly to the text were possible. URLs are hyperlinked (blue, active and underlined). A very long URL can be shortened using a URL shortening service. Ensure that it links directly to the correct location. |
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Appendix B: Symbols and their use
| Symbol | Use in citations and references |
| & (Ampersand) The ampersand is used to abbreviate “and” between authors’ names in information prominent citations and in the reference list. However, use the word “and” when providing an author prominent in-text citation with two or more authors Note. See Appendix I for citing multiple authors and Appendix J for referencing multiple authors. |
Citations . . . (Smith & Jones, 2018). Smith and Jones (2018) . . . Reference Smith, N., & Jones, B. (2018). Title: Subtitle. Publisher. |
| ( ) (Round brackets: parentheses) Round brackets, known as parentheses, come in pairs and contain material that help clarify a point, but often indicate the information within is less important than surrounding information. |
Parentheses are used to enclose a citation. The use of parentheses (a word or phrase inserted) for other purposes should be avoided in academic writing. Use wording to show the value of a piece of text rather than using parentheses. If something is not important enough to include in the main text, consider leaving it out completely. |
| [ ] (Square brackets in a citation) | Example 1 The impact of this program has been dramatic (World Health Organization [WHO], 2011). Example 2 In fact, Rumelhart (1981) asserts that schemata “are the fundamental elements upon which all information processing depends . . . [and play a key role] in guiding the flow of processing in the system” (pp. 33–34). Example 3 In his report, “the building inspector estimated that there [sic] house was a fire hazard” (Wilson, 2013, p. 32). |
| Example 1: For information prominent citations, use square brackets within parentheses when adding an acronym or initialisms to your writing for the first time. Example 2: Use square brackets when adding extra words to quotations that help the reader to understand the meaning. This is useful when you need to fit a quotation into your own sentence correctly. When editing quotations, avoid changing the quotation’s meaning. |
|
| Example 3: Square brackets are also used with sic to indicate that a spelling error was present in the original text. |
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| Symbol | Use in citations and references | ||
| [ ] (Square brackets in a reference list) Square brackets are sometimes placed after a title to indicate the type of resource it is when it sits outside the typical academic peer-reviewed literature (e.g., Evidence summary, Audio podcast, Tweet etc.) See Section 5 for individual resources. |
Reference example Kruszelnicki, K. (Host). (2017, November 21). Mitochondria: Fiery powerhouses [Audio podcast episode]. In Great Moment in Science. ABC Radio National. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/greatmomentsinscience/mito chondria-fiery-powerhouses/9158506 Examples include |
||
|
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Appendix C: Acronyms formed from the initial letters of words, and their use
| Acronyms | Examples |
| Acronyms are words formed from the first letter of each word in a long name. These can then be said as a word. You must not create an acronym of your own. Use the existing ones that are recognised, for example, Technical and Further Education (TAFE) or Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd (QANTAS). The first time an acronym is used, you must write the full name first followed by the acronym in parentheses. After that, the acronym may replace the full name or phrase. Always use the full name or phrase in the abstract section of your document. |
An author prominent in-text citation The first time you use a name that you want to shorten to an acronym or initialism, type the name in full and then type the acronym or initialism in parentheses after it: According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), this program has had a dramatic impact. This is demonstrated by the data emerging from this study (WHO, 2011). An information prominent in-text citation The first time you use a name that you want to shorten to an acronym or initialism use the name in full and then type the acronym or initialism in square brackets after it. For subsequent citations, use the acronym or initialism. The impact of this program has been dramatic (World Health Organization [WHO], 2011). This is demonstrated by the data emerging from this study (WHO, 2011). Reference example World Health Organization. (2011). Health impact assessment: Glossary of terms used. http://www.who.int/hia/about/glos/en/index1.html |
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Appendix D: Initialisms and their use
| Initialisms | Examples |
| Initialisms are a series of capital letters made up of the initial letters of a series of words. Initialisms cannot be said as a word; for example: USA (initialism for United States of America) or NLA (initialism for National Library of Australia) The first time an initialism is used, give the full name or phrase followed by the initialism in parentheses. After that, the initialism may be used in place of the full name or phrase. Always use the full name or phrase in the abstract in your assignment. |
In academic writing, initialisms are introduced in the same way as acronyms. An author prominent in-text citation A draft study of course choices by Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR, 2008) revealed that “there were no significant gender differences in the reasons respondents chose to study engineering” (p. 2). An information prominent in-text citation . . . (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2013). Reference example Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016, November 18). Disability, ageing and carers, Australia: Summary of findings, 2015 (cat. no. 4430.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4430.0 |
| DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Many journal articles and online documents are assigned a DOI. It is a unique string of letters and numbers that identifies a document. All DOIs begin with the number 10 and can often be found on the first page of a journal article, or in the database information. If a DOI is provided, it should be included at the end of the reference. DOIs should be in the https://doi.org/10.xxxx/x format even if it is presented as doi:10.xxxx/xxxx. DOIs are hyperlinked (active, blue font and underlined). |
Shariff, J. F. (2011). Navigating assisted death and end-of-life care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(6), 634–644. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091845 |
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| Initialisms | Examples |
| n.d. (no date) Used when no publication year is found. Look carefully for publication dates as they can be hard to find on web sites. You may find the date by checking for a copyright link. |
Citation Lansdown (n.d.) found that “. . .” (p. 13). Reference Lansdown, M. (n.d.). Bridging courses. CQUniversity. |
| p. (single page) Quotation: Page numbers are required when directly quoting. If the page number is not available, use a paragraph number. When there are no paragraph numbers, provide the closest heading as well as the number of paragraphs following it. For examples, see section below on the use of paragraph numbers. Paraphrasing: “Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, you may include one …[to] help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work” (APA, 2020, p. 269). |
Citation: Quotation Priest (2018) states that “20% of . . .” (p. 4). Research suggests that “. . .” (Priest, 2018, p. 4). Citation: Paraphrase Priest (2018) states that . . . . . . (Priest, 2018). |
| pp. (multiple pages) In-text citation Use pp. when referring to a quote or data from multiple pages. Use a comma between numbers for pages that are not in sequence. |
Citation: Quotation “. . .” (Llias, 2017, pp. 511–512). “. . .” (Owen, 2018, pp. 1, 4 & 6). Reference examples Journal |
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| Initialisms | Examples |
| Reference list The use of p. and pp. is not required when referring to whole books, journal articles or webpages. However, pp. may be used when referring to a chapter in a book. See “Chapter in an edited book”. |
Llias, B. (2017). Interstate arbitration in international tax disputes. Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 8(3), 507–534. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnlids /idx003 Chapter in an edited book Usher, K., & Holmes, C. (2017). Reflective practice. In J. Daly, S. Speedy, & D. Jackson (Eds.), Contexts of nursing: An introduction (5th ed., pp. 111–127). Elsevier. |
| reg or regs (regulation or regulations) To aid your reader to locate the specific information that you cited, you should give the unit or division. |
In the text of your work, you should write: The Copyright Regulations (2017, regs 18–19) indicate . . . If it is at the beginning of the sentence, you should write: Regulation 18 of the Copyright Regulations (2017) . . . |
| § or §§ (section or sections in legal documents) To help your reader locate the specific section or subsection that your information comes from, you should give a pinpoint reference to the relevant section or subsection. |
In the text of your work, you should write: The Civil Proceedings Act (2011, § 7) outlines . . . Unless it is at the beginning of the sentence, for example: Section 7 of the Civil Proceedings Act (2011) outlines . . . |
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Appendix E: Abbreviations and their use
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word. Words can be shortened in a number of ways, including omitting parts of the interior of the word, or
cutting off the end of a word. If the end of the word is removed to create an abbreviation, then a full stop is added. If the interior of the word is removed,
leaving the last letter; no full stop is needed. Here are examples.
| Abbreviations and explanations of their use in references |
Examples |
| cat. no. (catalogue number) A catalogue number is used to identify an item in a record. It is used for tracking purposes. |
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016, November 18). Disability, ageing and carers, Australia: Summary of findings, 2015 (cat. no. 4430.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4430.0 |
| ca. (circa) From Latin meaning ‘around’ or ‘about’. Used when we can only approximate the publishing date. Square brackets are placed around the approximate date instead of parentheses. This approximation may be made by looking at the latest entry in the reference list of the source. |
Citation … (Aristotle, ca. 350 B.C.E./1994). Aristotle (ca. 350 B.C.E./1994) . . . Reference example Aristotle. (1994). Politics. (B. Jowett, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.html (Original work published ca. 3500 B.C.E.) |
| Comp. (compiler) The person who assembles a training or educational package is called a compiler. |
Use the same format as for an edited book but use (comp.) instead of (Ed.). |
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| Abbreviations and explanations of their use in references |
Examples |
| e (eLocator or article number) Journal article with an article number or an eLocator Note. If a journal article does not provide a page range, use an eLocator or article number. |
Sands, M., & Aunger, R., (2020). Determinants of hand hygiene compliance among nurses in US hospitals: A formative research study. PLOS ONE, 15(4), Article e0230573. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230573 |
| Ed. or Eds. (editor or editors) One editor: (Ed.) More than one editor (Eds.) Note. If each chapter authored separately, cite and reference the chapter as a “Chapter in an edited book”. Note. You do not use Ed. for in-text citations. |
Citation Crisp et al. (2016) outline . . . Reference example Crisp, J., Taylor, C., Rebeiro, G., & Walters, D. (Eds.). (2016). Potter and Perry’s fundamentals of nursing (Australian version 5th ed.). Elsevier. |
| ed. (edition) When books are revised and issued a second or third time (or more), publishers show the difference between versions by indicating the edition. This is necessary as the editions differ from one another as each version has different information. |
Wilson, J. (2019). Infection control in clinical practice (3rd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. |
| Journal titles These may be abbreviated in catalogues when they are very long and sometimes an initialism is used. It is recommended that you locate and use the full name of the journal in your reference list. See also information about initialisms above. |
BMJ or Br Med J British Medical Journal |
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| Abbreviations and explanations of their use in references |
Examples |
| para. (paragraph number) If the page number is not available, use a paragraph number. When there is no paragraph number, provide the closest heading as well as the number of paragraphs following it. • Short headings remain the same + paragraph number • Long headings are shortened and placed in double quotation marks + paragraph number |
Quotation of information without page numbers. Paragraph number “State and federal approaches to disaster management are failing, as there are inadequate laws and policies to fund government agencies and compensate victims” (Sydney Environment Institute, 2020, para. 1.). Short headings remain the same + paragraph number Data indicates that “one in four people in Australia (26%) were born overseas” (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2016, The population of Australia is 24.4 million, para. 4). Long headings are shortened + paragraph number The 2016 census revealed that “more than one in five Australians (21%) spoke a language besides English at home” (ABS, 2016, “More than one in five,” para. 1). (Original heading: “More than one in five of us speak a language other than English at home”) |
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| Abbreviations and explanations of their use in references |
Examples |
| Vol. or Vols. (volume or volumes) Sometimes books are one part of a set or series. Each book in the set or series is labelled a volume. Journals publish a set number of volumes each year, so volume numbers are used to identify in which volume an article appears. However, do not include the words “Vol.” or “Vols.” when referencing journals. Place the journal volume number in italics after the journal title. If the journal does not use volume numbers but gives the season or the month, include the season or the month after the publication year. |
Book Corsini, R. J., (Ed.). (1994). Encyclopaedia of psychology (Vol. 4). John Wiley & Sons. Journals Beemster, M. (2008, Spring). Saving the Southern Bell Frog. Australian Landcare, 27–29. Shariff, J. F. (2011). Navigating assisted death and end-of-life care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(6), 634–644. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091845 |
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Appendix F: Latin words and their use as abbreviations
Latin words and their abbreviations. Are used in academic writing at times but they should be kept to a minimum and used inside parentheses. Below
are examples of Latin words (or their abbreviations), used inside parentheses when citing in text or in the reference list.
| Latin words | Example in citation or reference list |
| et al. abbreviation for “et alia” meaning “and others” When a work has three or more authors, only use the surname of the first author, followed by et al. There should always be a full stop after “et al.” as the end of the word has been removed to create an abbreviation. Do not italicise et al. |
In-text citation . . . (Robbins et al., 2001). Reference example Robbins, S. P., Millett, B., Cacioppe, R., & Waters-Marsh, T. (2001). Organisational behaviour (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall Australia. |
| Sic means ‘thus’ or ‘so’ Used in a quotation, in italics and in square brackets. It indicates that the word directly before it is an error that appeared in the original text. This is to preserve the authenticity of the quotation. This error may be incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar. Note. The square brackets are not italicised. |
In his report, “the building inspector estimated that there [sic] house was a fire hazard” (Wilson, 2013, p. 32). |
| Circa means ‘around’ or ‘about’ It is abbreviated to ca. Used when an approximate publishing dates is available. Place square brackets around the approximate date instead of parentheses. This approximation may be made by looking at the latest entry in the reference list of the source you are using. |
Aristotle. (1994). Politics. (B. Jowett, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.html (Original work published ca. 3500 B.C.E.) |
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Appendix G: Referencing a journal article with or without a DOI
When referencing a journal article, it can be difficult to know what information to include to
form a complete reference. Use the Figure 4 flow chart below to clarify whether to include a
DOI, no URL or a URL at the end of the reference.
Note 1. If a journal article does not have a DOI number, no URL is needed if it is found in an
academic database. Examples of academic databases: APA PsycNET, PsycINFO, Academic
Search Complete, CINAHL, Ebook Central, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, JSTOR (excluding
primary source collections), MEDLINE, Nexis Uni, Ovid, ProQuest), PubMed,
ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science etc.
Note 2. Most journal articles do not require a retrieval date; however, on rare occasions,
articles may need a retrieval date if they are retrieved from databases where articles are
periodically updated. These articles/journals often have editors. See UpToDate example in
Section 5.
Figure 4
DOI Flow Chart for Journal Articles
Note. A flow chart to help students reference a journal article.
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Appendix H: Check your reference list
| Check | Key point |
| The reference list begins on a new page. It should be the last page of your assignment; however, the appendices go after the reference list. |
|
| Margins are set at least 2.54 cm top and bottom and left and right. | |
| Font style and size is same as for the rest of the assignment: Times New Roman 12 pt. | |
| Line spacing in the reference list is double line. | |
| The title is References and it is in bold, centred, and has the same font style and size as the document. |
|
| The reference list is aligned with the left margin. | |
| All lines after the first line of each entry should be indented half an inch (1.27cm) from the left margin. This is called a hanging indentation. |
|
| A blank line space is not used after each reference. | |
| Numbers, letters and bullet points are not used to indicate new references. | |
| The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order according to the first author’s surname (family name). The surname must be written in full and initials used to represent given names. |
|
| References by the same author in different years should be ordered by year. Place the oldest work first. |
|
| References which have the same author and same year of publication are listed alphabetically according to the title of the book/article, and a lower-case letter is added to the date: Example – Education Queensland. (2007a). Education Queensland. (2007b). Add a letter to both the reference and the in-text citation. |
|
| If there is no author or authoring body (institution, corporation or other organisation), the reference is listed alphabetically according to the title of the article. If a source is authored by an organisation rather than an individual, it is listed alphabetically according to the organisation’s name. For example: Education Queensland. |
|
| URLs are hyperlinked (active, blue font and underlined). | |
| Cut and paste URLs to avoid transcript errors. Do not change the URL. If the URL is very long, it is acceptable to shorten a URL using URL shortening services. Ensure that it links directly to the correct location. |
|
| Any reference that starts with a number precedes the alphabetical listing and is listed numerically; for example, 3D Networks. (2007). Delivering on . . . will appear before Anderson, J. (2013) . . . |
|
| Every in-text citation appears in the reference list, and every item in the reference list is to be mentioned at least once in the assignment. Additionally, the citations that appear in the assignment itself must have the same spelling and dates as the ones in the reference list. Exception: Personal communication may be included in-text; however, it does not need to be included in the reference list. |
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Appendix I: Quick guide for citing multiple authors
| Type of Citation |
Author prominent citation | Information prominent citation |
| One work by one author |
Luna (2020) | (Luna, 2020) |
| One work by two authors |
Walker and Allen (2019) | (Walker & Allen, 2019) |
| One work by three or more authors |
Wiskunde et al. (2020) | (Wiskunde et al., 2020) |
| Authoring body with identifiable abbreviation |
First citation National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2020) . . . Subsequent citations NIMH (2020) . . . |
First citation (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) Subsequent citations (NIMH, 2020) |
| • Write the whole group author’s name only once in the text. Include an abbreviation directly after the group name. For subsequent citations only use the abbreviation. See examples above. • Do not create your own abbreviations for group names. Only use recognised abbreviations. |
||
| Group as author (no abbreviation) |
CQUniversity (2020) | (CQUniversity, 2020) |
Note. How to cite multiple authors in-text. Adapted from Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (7th ed., p. 266), by American Psychological
Association, 2020, Author.
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Appendix J: Quick guide for referencing multiple authors
| Number of authors |
Reference List |
| One author | Walk, B. (2019). |
| For 2 to 20 authors, include all surnames and initials. Use a comma and an ampersand symbol (&) before the last author. |
Walker, J. E., & Allen, S. (2019). |
| When there are 21 or more authors, provide the first 19 authors followed by ellipsis and the final author. No ampersand is required. |
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). |
| Authoring body (no acronym or initialisation is required for the reference list). |
Correct: National Institute of Mental Health. (2020). Incorrect: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2020). |
| Use an ampersand to separate two corporate authors. |
American Psychological Association & National Institute of Health. (2020). |
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Appendix K: Citing and referencing figures and tables
When including a figure (image or graph) or a table into an assignment, provide source
details below the figure or table. Use the templates below to assist you. The source details
should also be included in the reference list. For more details on how to label your tables and
figures see Section 2: How to use tables, figures and images.
Caption templates and examples for tables and figures
• Identify which type of source you took your figure or table from
• Choose the correct template (journal article, book, book chapter and webpage). Note.
If the table or figure has not been adapted, use the word from. If the table or figure has
been adapted, use the phrase adapted from.
• The examples below simply demonstrate how to use the template.
• The reference list example indicates how to reference the figure or table in a
reference list.
| Source type | Templates and examples |
| Journal article, magazine, newspaper or blog | |
| Template | From [or Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by A. N. Author and C. O. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume(issue), p. xx (https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxx). |
| Example | From “Social Media: A Contextual Framework to Guide Research and Practice,” by L. A. McFarland and R. E. Ployhart, 2015, Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(6), p. 1656 (https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039244). |
| Reference list example |
McFarland, L. A., & Ployhart, R. E. (2015). Social media: A contextual framework to guide research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(6), 1653–1677. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039244 |
| Authored book or report | |
| Template | From [or Adapted from] Title of Book (any edition or volume information, p. xxx), by A. N. Author and C. O. Author, year, Publisher (https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxx). |
| Example | Adapted from Managing Therapy-Interfering Behavior: Strategies From Dialectical Behavior Therapy (p. 172), by A. L. Chapman and M. Z. Rosenthal, 2016, American Psychological Association (http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14752-001). |
| Reference list example |
Chapman, A. L., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2016). Managing therapy-interfering behavior: Strategies from dialectical behavior therapy. American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14752-001 |
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| Source type | Templates and examples |
| Edited book chapter | |
| Template | From [or Adapted from] “Title of Chapter,” by A. N. Author and C. O. Author, in A. N. Editor (Ed.), Title of Book (any edition or volume information, p. xxx), year, Publisher. Note. Provide a DOI in parentheses if available as per example above. |
| Example | From “The Cortex: Regulation of Sensory and Emotional Experience,” by D. Christian, in N. Hass-Cohen and R. Carr (Eds.), Art Therapy and Clinical Neuroscience (p. 63), 2008, Jessica Kingsley. |
| Reference list example |
Christian, D. (2008). The cortex: Regulation of sensory and emotional experience. In N. Hass-Cohen & R. Carr (Eds.), Art therapy and clinical neuroscience (pp. 62–75). Jessica Kingsley. |
| Webpage | |
| Template | From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] Title of Web Document, by A. N. Author and C. O. Author, year (https://xxxxxxxx). |
| Example | From Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity: Data, Trends and Maps, by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015 (https://www.cdc.gov/ nccdphp/dnpao/data-trends-maps/). |
| Reference list example |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Nutrition, physical activity and obesity: Data, trends and maps. https://www.cdc.gov/ nccdphp/dnpao/data-trends-maps/ |
Note. Table with templates, copyright examples and reference entries for figures and tables
reproduced from journal articles, books, book chapters and webpage. Adapted from
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed., p. 391), by
American Psychological Association, 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000).
Note to academics and RHD Students. Please be aware that an extended copyright caption
for tables and figures will be required for academic publishing (APA, 2020, p. 391).
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Index
Abbreviations………………………………….84
Paragraph number…………………………….. 86
Academic Integrity ………………………….30
Avoiding plagiarism…………………………… 31
Have I plagiarised?……………………………. 30
Acronyms ……………………………………….80
Appendices ……………………………………..76
Books (Hard copy)……………………..20, 32
Chapter in an edited book……………… 21, 37
Edited book……………………………………….. 37
Editions ……………………………………………. 36
Multiple works same author, published
in different years…………………………….. 33
Multiple works same author, same year… 34
No author but an authoring body…………. 35
No date can be established………………….. 36
One author ……………………………………….. 32
One issue or volume in an edited series… 37
One volume of multi-volume work ……….. 37
Several sources………………………………….. 36
Source within a source
Secondary source …………………………………. 35
Two authors………………………………………. 32
Two primary sources within the one
secondary source ……………………………. 36
Works by different authors with the same
family name and same year ……………… 34
Conference papers…………………………..48
Conference sessions and presentations…. 48
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders ………………………..39
Dissertation or master’s thesis …………49
Unpublished thesis …………………………….. 49
Ebooks ………………………………………20, 21
Ebook available on the web ………………… 38
Ebook available via ACQUIRE……………. 39
Ebook chapter available on the web …….. 38
Government documents found online 52
Australian Bureau of Statistics ……………. 53
Fact sheet…………………………………………. 53
Press releases……………………………………. 53
Same author, same year……………………… 54
Standalone document …………………………. 52
Initialisms………………………………………. 81
Journals and magazines………………….. 40
eLocator or article number…………………. 85
Hard copy journal without a DOI………… 42
Hard copy with no volume or issue
number………………………………………….. 42
Journal article with a DOI…………….. 22, 40
Journal article without a DOI………… 23, 41
Online magazine ……………………………….. 43
Key terms ………………………………………. 76
Latin words ……………………………………. 88
Legal documents…………………………….. 55
Coroner’s report ……………………………….. 58
Hansard……………………………………………. 58
Legal case …………………………………… 24, 56
Legislation (Act, Bill, Regulation) ……….. 55
Standards …………………………………………. 57
Multiple authors …………………………….. 92
Citing……………………………………………….. 91
Referencing ………………………………………. 92
News articles ………………………………….. 44
Hard copy…………………………………………. 44
Online news website…………………………… 44
Online newspaper ……………………………… 44
Paraphrasing……………………………………. 6
Rules………………………………………………….. 7
Steps………………………………………………….. 6
Quick Guide
Check your reference list ……………………. 90
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Citing and referencing figures and tables 93
Citing multiple authors ………………………. 91
Referencing multiple authors ………………. 92
Quotations ………………………………………10
Long ………………………………………………… 12
Page numbers……………………………………. 82
Paragraph numbers …………………………… 82
Short………………………………………………… 11
Steps ………………………………………………… 10
Reference list……………………………..19, 90
Authors’ names………………………………….. 27
Books……………………………………………….. 20
Captialisation and italics ……………………. 27
Document on the web…………………………. 25
Journal article without a DOI……………… 23
Journal articles with a DOI ………………… 22
Legal case ………………………………………… 24
Long URL…………………………………………. 26
Publication details …………………………….. 26
Webpage…………………………………………… 25
Reports …………………………………………..46
Government, with individual authors……. 47
Hard copy…………………………………………. 46
Online Government, with corporate
author …………………………………………… 47
Online with individual authors…………….. 46
Specialised sources ………………………….62
Artistic work……………………………………… 62
Audio podcast episode………………………… 63
Audiobook ………………………………………… 63
Blog …………………………………………………. 64
Book review………………………………………. 46
Brochure…………………………………………… 69
Dictionary (Hard copy)………………………. 64
Dictionary (online)…………………………….. 64
Encyclopaedia (Hard copy –
author/editor)…………………………………. 64
Encyclopaedia (Online) ……………………… 65
Facebook post or page……………………….. 65
Film or movie ……………………………………. 66
Forum post (not Moodle) ……………………. 66
Historical source on the web ………………. 66
Images……………………………………………… 62
JBI Evidence summary……………………….. 67
JBI Recommended practice…………………. 67
Map …………………………………………………. 68
MIMS……………………………………………….. 68
Mobile App……………………………………….. 69
Musical score……………………………………. 69
Painting……………………………………………. 62
Pamphlet ………………………………………….. 69
Photographs……………………………………… 62
PowerPoint (not in Moodle) ……………….. 70
Radio transcript from a webpage…………. 70
Shakespeare ……………………………………… 70
Software packages …………………………….. 70
Song…………………………………………………. 71
Tables and figures……………………………… 71
TED talk…………………………………………… 71
Television advertisement…………………….. 72
Television episode or webisode……………. 72
Television transcript ………………………….. 72
Traditional Knowledge or Oral
Traditions of Indigenous Peoples……… 73
Twitter……………………………………………… 74
Unpublished manuscript …………………….. 74
Wiki …………………………………………………. 74
YouTube—with creator’s name……………. 75
Styles of citation in-text…………………….. 7
Author prominent ………………………………… 7
Information prominent …………………………. 7
Summarising……………………………………. 8
Rules………………………………………………….. 9
Steps………………………………………………….. 8
Symbols …………………………………………. 78
Symposium contribution ………………….. 48
Systematic review…………………………….. 42
Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews…………………………………………. 42
JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and
Implementation Reports…………………… 43
JBI Library of Systematic Reviews……….. 43
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Tables and figures …………………………..15
Citing and referencing ……………………….. 93
Figures ……………………………………….. 17, 18
Photograph……………………………………….. 62
Tables…………………………………………. 15, 16
Turnitin ………………………………………….30
University-provided electronic and
multimedia study materials …………59
Discussion board message posted to
Moodle………………………………………….. 60
Echo360 presentation or video on
Moodle………………………………………….. 60
Lecture notes available on CQUniversity
e-Units (Moodle) ……………………………. 59
Personal communication……………….. 61, 69
PowerPoint presentation on Moodle ……. 60
Source in study guide
Secondary source…………………………………..61
Unit notes on Moodle…………………………. 59
Webpage or standalone document 25, 50
Document on the web…………………………. 50
No date…………………………………………….. 51
Page numbers……………………………………. 51
Paragraph numbers …………………………… 51