This document is a guide designed to help you
reference quickly and simply.
APA 7th
referencing
guide
This document can also be
scrolled through like a regular
PDF and can be printed off.
02
Contents
Part 1 Part 2
Click on a line to jump to the section
of your choice.
03
Whole books Edited books Other books
Electronic books
1. Books
04
Tips:
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, you can also include
this at the end of the reference.
1.01 One author
Author, A. (Year). Title. Publisher.
In-text:
Siirtola (2007)
(Siirtola, 2007)
(Siirtola, 2007, p. 16)
Example:
As stated in Siirtola (2007, p. 16) …
Reference List:
Siirtola, H. (2007). Interactive visualization of multidimensional data. Tampere
University Press.
05
Tips:
• For a work with two authors you need to
write both of their names.
• When you write the author names outside
of the brackets, connect the last and
second last authors’ names with “and”, but
when using them inside the brackets use
“&”.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.02 Two authors
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title. Publisher.
In-text:
Oshima and Hogue (2004)
(Oshima & Hogue, 2004)
(Oshima & Hogue, 2004, p. 24)
Example:
… this point is further examined in Oshima and Hogue (2004).
Reference List:
Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (2004). Writing academic English. Pearson Longman.
06
Tips:
• For works with three or more authors
include the name of the first author
only, plus “et al.” in all in-text citations
(including the first one).
• When there are 21 or more authors, include
the names of the first 19 authors in your
reference list, followed by “…” and then the
name of the final author.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.03 Three or more authors
Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Year). Title. Publisher.
In-text:
Alysen et al. (2003)
(Alysen et al., 2003)
(Alysen et al., 2003, p. 32)
Example:
Alysen et al. (2003, p. 32) make the point that …
Reference List:
Alysen, B., Patching, R., Oakham, K. M., & Sedorkin, G. (2003). Reporting in a
multimedia world. Allen & Unwin.
07
Tips:
• If the organisation name is very long, you
can abbreviate it. To do this, write the
name out once in full followed by the
abbreviation in brackets (see examples).
After that you can use the abbreviated
name in your writing.
• You must always write out the organisation
name in full in the reference list.
• If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
• You don’t need to include the publisher
in this example, as the author and the
publisher are the same.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.04 Organisation as author
Organisation. (Year). Title. Publisher.
In-text:
American Psychological Association (APA, 2019).
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2019)
APA (2019)
(APA, 2019)
Example:
The American Psychological Association (APA, 2019, p. 101), states that …
Reference List:
American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.).
08
Tips:
• The title is moved to the author position.
For books this will be in italics (as the book
title should be recorded in italics); in any
other case it should be contained within
double quotation marks.
• Capitalise all major words in your in-text
citations, as in the example. The title in
your reference list should be capitalised
normally, as in the example.
• If the author of the work is credited as
“Anonymous”, you can use this as the
author name. In this case you would cite it
as a .
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.05 No author
Title. (Year). Publisher.
In-text:
Maximum Linux Security (1999)
(Maximum Linux Security, 1999)
(Maximum Linux Security, 1999, p. 3)
Example:
Maximum Linux Security (1999) looks at protecting your server and workstation …
Reference List:
Maximum Linux security: A hacker’s guide to protecting your Linux server and
workstation. (1999). Sams.
09
Tips:
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.06 No date
Author, A. (n.d.). Title. Publisher.
In-text:
White (n.d.)
(White, n.d.)
Example:
In Colonial New South Wales … (White, n.d.).
Reference List:
White, J. (n.d.). Recollections of colonial New South Wales. Debrett.
10
Tips:
• When referencing a book with different
editions, you use the referencing template
that is most appropriate to that book (e.g.
one author, more than one author, no date,
etc.) and then include the edition number
in brackets after the title.
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.07 Different editions
Author, A. (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher.
In-text:
Chissick and Kelman (2000)
(Chissick & Kelman, 2000)
Example:
Chissick and Kelman (2000, p. 47) introduce the idea that …
Reference List:
Chissick, M., & Kelman, A. (2000). Electronic commerce: Law and practice (2nd ed.).
Sweet & Maxwell.
11
Tips:
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.08 Edited book
Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher.
In-text:
Hamilton (2005)
(Hamilton, 2005)
Example:
Hamilton (2005, p. 83) further explores this idea …
Reference List:
Hamilton, P. (Ed.). (2005). Visual research methods (4th ed.). Sage.
12
Tips:
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.09 Edited book with more
than one editor
Editor, A., & Editor, B. (Eds.). (Year). Title (Edition Number). Publisher.
In-text:
Burley and Harris (2008)
(Burley & Harris, 2008)
Example:
Burley and Harris (2008) make the argument that …
Reference List:
Burley, J., & Harris, J. (Eds.). (2008). A companion to genetics (2nd ed.). John Wiley &
Sons.
13
Tips:
• If the book is a first edition, you should not
include the edition number.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.10 Chapter in an edited book
Author, A. (Year). Chapter Title. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title (Edition
Number, Page Range). Publisher.
In-text:
Coleman (2003)
(Coleman, 2003)
Example:
Coleman (2003) discusses the importance of …
Reference List:
Coleman, S. (2003). Democracy in an e-connected world. In R. Davidson (Ed.), The
e-connected world: Risks and opportunities (2nd ed., pp. 125–132). McGill
Queens University Press.
14
Tips:
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
• If the book has no DOI, but has a free link
on the web, use the URL instead.
• If the book is found online in a library
database, treat it as a print book.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• You do not need to put a full stop at the
end of the DOI/URL.
1.11 Online book
Author, A. (Year). Title. Publisher. DOI/URL
In-text:
Pridham et al. (2018)
(Pridham et al., 2018)
Example:
In order to grow a dynamic community, Pridham et al. (2018, p. 105) state that you
must …
Reference List:
Pridham, K. F., Limbo, R., & Schroeder, M. (Eds.). (2018). Guided participation in
pediatric nursing practice: Relationship-based teaching and learning with
parents, children, and adolescents. Springer Publishing Company. http://a.
co/0lAiVgt
15
Tips:
• Do not use Kindle location numbers in
your in-text references; just use the page
numbers.
1.12 Kindle or eReader
Author, A. (Year). Title [Format]. Publisher.
In-text:
Martin (2003)
(Martin, 2003)
Example:
… this can be seen again in Martin (2003) through …
Reference List:
Martin, G. R. R. (2003). Game of thrones [Electronic book]. Harper Voyager.
16
Tips:
• If the audiobook was released in a
different year to the text version of this
book, you must include the original
publication date in brackets at the end
of the reference (as seen in the example
provided). This original publication date
should also appear in the in-text reference.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
• To quote directly from the audiobook,
provide a time stamp in the in-text
reference in place of a page number (as
seen in the example).
1.13 Audiobook
Author, A. (Year). Title (A. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher.
(Year original work was published)
In-text:
Rowling (2015/1997)
(Rowling, 2015/1997)
Example:
As Hagrid says, “I should not have said that” (Rowling, 2015/1997, 5:36).
Reference List:
Rowling, J. K. (2015). Harry Potter and the sorcerer’s stone (J. Dale, Narr.)
[Audiobook]. Pottermore Publishing. (Original work published 1997)
17
Tips:
• If the book has been translated, you can
use the or book
format to reference it.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
• If any element of the reference is written
in characters, you should use an English
transliteration, for example Pinyin for
Chinese characters.
1.14 Book in a language other than
English
Author, A. (Year). Title [Title in English]. Publisher.
In-text:
Piaget and Inhelder (1966)
(Piaget & Inhelder, 1966)
Example:
… as established by Piaget and Inhelder (1966, p. 87).
Reference List:
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant [The psychology of the
child]. Quadrige.
18
Tips:
• Include the original year of publication
as well as the year of the translated work
in the in-text reference (as seen in the
example).
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
1.15 Translated book
Author, A. (Year). Title (A. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Year original
work was published)
In-text:
Piaget and Inhelder (1966/1969)
(Piaget & Inhelder, 1966/1969)
Example:
This concept was first introduced in Piaget and Inhelder (1966/1969, p. 100).
Reference List:
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver, Trans.; 2nd
ed.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1966)
19
Tips:
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference.
• If the republished work has been edited
or translated from the original, you must
include the name of the translator/editor
after the title in brackets. (Examples of this
can be seen under and
).
1.16 Republished book
Author, A. (Year). Title. Publisher. (Year original work was published)
In-text:
Jordan (2019/1995)
(Jordan, 2019/1995)
Example:
“They cannot put their stamp upon your soul” (Jordan, 2019/1995, p. 17).
Reference List:
Jordan, S. (2019). Winter of fire. Scholastic New Zealand. (Original work published
1995)
20
Tips:
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the book has a DOI, this can be included
at the end of the reference (as seen in the
example).
• The date refers to the date the anthology
was published.
• For this type of reference, the editor’s
name goes in the place of the author.
1.17 Anthologies
Editor, A. (Ed.). (Year). Title. Publisher.
In-text:
Gold (1999)
(Gold, 1999)
Example:
This is covered extensively in Gold (1999).
Reference List:
Gold, M. (Ed.). (1999). The complete social scientist: A Kurt Lewin reader. American
Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10319-000
21
Tips:
• When citing a specific section, use the
name of the book, chapter, verse, line, and/
or canto instead of page number where
applicable.
• In the Shakespeare example, 1.3.36-37
refers to Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 36 and 37.
• For ancient Greek or Roman works, include
the copyright date of the version used
and the date of the original (ancient)
publication in brackets at the end of the
entry.
• When you only have an approximate
date of the original publication, use the
abbreviation “ca.”, which stands for circa,
before the date.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the work has a DOI or URL, this should be
added as seen in the Aristotle example.
1.18 Classical works
Author, A. (Year). Title (E. Editor, Ed./ T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher.
(Year original work was published)
In-text:
Aristotle (ca. 350 B.C.E/1994, Part IV)
(Aristotle, ca. 350 B.C.E/1994)
Shakespeare (1623/1995)
(Shakespeare, 1623/1995, 1.3.36-37)
Example:
As is stated in Shakespeare (1623/1995, 1.3.36-37), “I can give you intelligence of
an intended marriage”.
Reference List:
Aristotle. (1994). Poetics (S. H. Butcher, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive. http://
classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html (Original work published ca. 350
B.C.E)
Shakespeare, W. (1995). Much ado about nothing (B. A. Mowat & P. Werstine, Eds.).
Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1623)
22
Tips:
• When citing a specific section, use the
name of the book, chapter, verse, line, and/
or canto instead of page number where
applicable.
• If there is more than one publisher, make
sure to include both in the reference and
separate them with a semi-colon (“;”).
• If the text has a DOI or URL, this should
be added as seen in the King James Bible
example.
1.19 Religious texts
Title. (Year). Publisher. (Year original work was published)
In-text:
King James Bible (1769/2017)
(King James Bible, 1769/2017, Song of Solomon 8:6)
The Torah (1962/2015)
(The Torah, 1962/2015)
Example:
“… which hath a most vehement flame” (King James Bible, 1769/2017, Song of
Solomon 8:6).
Reference List:
King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online. https://kingjamesbibleonline.org/
(Original work published 1769)
The Torah: The five books of Moses (3rd ed.). (2015). The Jewish Publication Society.
(Original work published 1962)
23
Tips:
• You do not need to put a full stop at the
end of the URL.
• When an online reference work is
continuously updated, make sure to
include a retrieval date.
• If the work cited is in print, leave out the
Retrieved date and URL.
1.20 Dictionaries, Thesauri &
Encyclopaedias
Author, A. (Year). Title of entry. In Dictionary. Retrieved Month Day,
Year, from URL
In-text:
Merriam-Webster (n.d.)
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
Example:
Merriam-Webster (n.d.) defines this as …
Reference List:
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Self-report. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved
May 5, 2019, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-report
24
Many journal articles, whether they
are printed or online, have a DOI or
digital object identifier attached
to them. When this DOI is available,
you should always include it in your
reference.
Journal articles News & magazines
2. Journals & News
25
Tips:
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
• Journal title and volume number are in
italics.
2.01 One author
Author, A. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, volume(issue), page
range. DOI
In-text:
Alderton (2014)
(Alderton, 2014)
Example:
Alderton (2014, p. 224) further explores this “Snape abuse”…
Reference List:
Alderton, Z. (2014). “Snapewives” and “Snapeism”: A fiction-based religion within
the Harry Potter fandom. Religions, 5(1), 219-267. https://doi.org/10.3390/
rel5010219
26
Tips:
• For a work with two authors, you need to
write both of their names.
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
• Journal title and volume number are in
italics.
2.02 Two authors
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume(issue), page range. DOI
In-text:
O’Toole and Vogel (2011)
(O’Toole & Vogel, 2011)
Example:
… as is evident in the idea of conscious capitalism (O’Toole & Vogel, 2011, p. 71).
Reference List:
O’Toole, J., & Vogel, D. (2011). Two and a half cheers for conscious capitalism.
California Management Review, 53(3), 60-76. https://doi.org/10.1525/
cmr.2011.53.3.60
27
Tips:
• For works with three or more authors,
include the name of the first author only,
plus et al. for every citation (including the
first one).
• When there are 21 or more authors, include
the names of the first 19 authors followed
by “…” and then the name of the final
author (as seen in the example of Kalnay
et al.).
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
• Journal title and volume number are in
italics.
2.03 Three or more authors
Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume(issue), page range. DOI
In-text:
Gursoy et al. (2018)
(Gursoy et al., 2018)
Kalnay et al. (1996)
(Kalnay et al., 1996)
Example:
As is established in Kalnay et al. (1996) …
Reference List:
Gursoy, A., Wickett, K., & Feinberg, M. (2018). Understanding tag functions
in a moderated, user-generated metadata ecosystem. Journal of
Documentation, 74(3), 490–508. https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-09-2017-0134
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M.,
Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins,
W., Janowial, J., Mo, K., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., … Joseph, D.
(1996). The NCEP/ NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-471. http://doi.org/fg6rf9
28
Tips:
• The article title is used instead of the
author’s name.
• In your in-text citations, put the article
title within double quotation marks and
capitalise all major words, as in the
example.
• The title in your reference list is not
in quotation marks and is capitalised
normally, as in the example.
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
• Journal title and volume number are in
italics.
2.04 No author
Article title. (Year). Journal Title, volume(issue), page range. DOI
In-text:
“Schuth Wins Leibniz Prize” (2003)
(“Schuth Wins Leibniz Prize,” 2003)
Example:
As seen in “Schuth Wins Leibniz Prize” (2003) …
Reference List:
Schuth wins Leibniz prize. (2003). Materials Today, 6(6), 61.
29
Tips:
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
• Write the name of the group author as
shown on the source. This example was
credited to “the members of Midwifery
Science Work Group”.
• Journal title and volume number are in
italics.
2.05 Individual and organisation
authors
Author, A., & Organisation. (Year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume(issue), page range. DOI
In-text:
De Vries et al. (2013)
(De Vries et al., 2013)
Example:
De Vries et al. (2013) note that …
Reference List:
De Vries, R., Nieuwenhuijze, M., Buitendijk, S. E., & the members of Midwifery
Science Work Group. (2013). What does it take to have a strong and
independent profession of midwifery? Lessons from the Netherlands.
Midwifery, 29(10), 1122-1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.07.007
30
Tips:
• If there is no DOI available for an online
journal article, then you need to include
the URL instead.
• If the journal article you are referencing
has page numbers and provides you with
all the information relevant to the print
copy (as most articles within databases
will do), you can leave out the DOI and
URL completely and reference it as a print
article.
2.06 Online article with no DOI
Author, A. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, volume(issue), page
range. URL
In-text:
Ahmann et al. (2018)
(Ahmann et al., 2018)
Example:
… is an important time for development of these skills (Ahmann et al., 2018).
Reference List:
Ahmann, E., Tuttle, L. J., Saviet, M., & Wright, S. D. (2018). A descriptive review
of ADHD coaching research: Implications for college students. Journal of
Postsecondary Education and Disability, 31(1), 17-39. https://www.ahead.org/
professional-resources/publications/jped/archived-jped/jped-volume-31
31
Tips:
• For journal articles that are in press, you
substitute the year of publication with the
words “in press”.
• If the article has been submitted to a
Journal but not yet accepted, reference it
as an
• In press articles do not have volume, issue,
or page range numbers, or a DOI, so these
elements can be left out.
2.07 In press
Author, A. (in press). Article title. Journal Title.
In-text:
Pachur & Scheibehenne (in press)
(Pachur & Scheibehenne, in press)
Example:
… when taking a cognitive modelling approach to the issue (Pachur & Scheibehenne,
in press).
Reference List:
Pachur, T., & Scheibehenne, B. (in press). Unpacking buyer-seller differences in
valuation from experience: A cognitive modelling approach. Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review.
32
Tips:
• The article title is in the original language,
followed by the translated article title in
square brackets.
• Journal title and volume number are in
italics.
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave this part out.
• If any element of the reference is written
in characters, you should use an English
transliteration, for example Pinyin for
Chinese characters.
2.08 Articles in a language other than
English
Author, A. (Year). Article title [Translated article title]. Journal Title,
volume(issue), page number. DOI
In-text:
Chaves-Morillo et al. (2018)
(Chaves-Morillo et al., 2018)
Example:
Chaves-Morillo (2018, p. 158) found that …
Reference List:
Chaves-Morillo, V., Gómez Calero, C., Fernández-Muñoz, J. J., Toledano-Muñoz, A.,
Fernández-Huete, J., Martínez-Monge, N., Palacios-Ceña, D., & PeñacobaPuente, C. (2018). La anosmia neurosensorial: Relación entre subtipo, tiempo
de reconocimiento y edad [Sensorineural anosmia: Relationship between
subtype, recognition time and age]. Clínica y Salud, 28(3), 155-161. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j/clysa.2017.04.002
33
Tips:
• If there is no DOI available, you can include
the URL instead.
2.09 Cochrane Systematic Reviews
Author, A. (Year). Article Title. Database Name. DOI/URL
In-text:
Mehrholz et al. (2018)
(Mehrholz et al., 2018)
Example:
… benefits for patients who have suffered a stroke (Mehrholz et al., 2018).
Reference List:
Mehrholz, J., Pohl, M., Platz, T., Kugler, J., & Elsner, B. (2018). Electromechanical
and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm
function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006876.pub5
34
Tips:
• If the word “editorial” is part of the title,
you can leave out the word in square
brackets.
• If you are referencing an editorial from
a Newspaper, Magazine or any other
publication, you should use that reference
format but include “[Editorial]” after the
title.
• If the article does not have a DOI, you can
leave out this part.
2.10 Editorials
Author, A. (Year). Title [Editorial]. Journal Title, volume(issue), page
number. DOI
In-text:
Cuellar (2016)
(Cuellar, 2016)
Example:
As stated in Cuellar (2016, p. 209) …
Reference List:
Cuellar, N. G. (2016). Study abroad programs [Editorial]. Journal of Transcultural
Nursing, 27(3), 209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659616638722
35
Tips:
• If there is no title given, you can use a brief
description of the press release in square
brackets in place of the title.
• Include the Month and Day of the press
release after the year in the reference list.
• If there is a DOI, it should be prioritised
over a URL.
• If the Publisher is the same as the Author,
you can leave it out, as in the example.
2.11 Media or press release
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Press Release]. Publisher. DOI/
URL
In-text:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2019)
(U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2019)
Example:
… the introduction of which has had many benefits (U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, 2019).
Reference List:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019, February 14). FDA authorizes first
interoperable insulin pump intended to allow patients to customize treatment
through their individual diabetes management devices [Press Release].
https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/pressAnnouncements/
ucm631412.htm
36
Tips:
• If there is no day available (as seen in the
provided example), this can be omitted.
• If the magazine was published in a season
(e.g. Summer), use the season name in
place of the month.
2.12 Magazine article
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine title, Page range.
In-text:
Gutner (2003)
(Gutner, 2003)
Example:
Gutner (2003) discusses the future of fashion …
Reference List:
Gutner, T. (2003, August). Fashion futures. Business Week (Fashion Industry
Supplement), 9-10.
37
Tips:
• If your magazine article has a month or
season but no day of publication, just list
the month or season.
• If your magazine article has a volume or
issue number, list them as you would for a
.
2.13 Online magazine article
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine title. DOI/URL
In-text:
Bustillos (2013)
(Bustillos, 2013)
Example:
Bustillos (2013) further demonstrates the storytelling capabilities of video games.
Reference List:
Bustillos, M. (2013, March 19). On video games and storytelling: An interview with
Tom Bissell. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/
on-video-games-and-storytelling-an-interview-with-tom-bissell
38
Tips:
• If the newspaper article has been viewed
in print, or is found via a library database,
leave out the URL (as seen in the example).
2.14 Newspaper
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper, Page range.
URL
In-text:
Hess (2019)
(Hess, 2019)
Example:
Feline behaviour can be very complex (Hess, 2019).
Reference List:
Hess, A. (2019, January 3). Cats who take direction. The New York Times, C1.
39
Tips:
• Treat an online newspaper as you would a
print newspaper but omit the page range
element.
• Unlike references for web pages, which
italicise the title of the page, references
for online newspapers italicise the name of
the publisher/publication.
2.15 Online news article
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper. DOI/URL
In-text:
Darby (2004)
(Darby, 2004)
Example:
… it is behaviours like this that caused Butler to leave his position (Darby, 2004).
Reference List:
Darby, A. (2004, August 10). Furious Butler quits as governor. Sydney Morning Herald.
http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/09/1092022411039.html?
oneclick=’true’
40
Web page Social media
3. Websites & Social Media
41
Tips:
• Give as much information about the date
as possible. Don’t use the copyright date
at the bottom of the screen as this is
probably not accurate. Instead, use “n.d.”
if there is no other date available.
• Include a retrieval date any time you
reference material from a site where the
content is likely to change over time.
3.01 Individual as author
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Title of Website. URL
In-text:
Martin Lillie (2016)
(Martin Lillie, 2016)
Example:
… suggest that personal choices have the most significant impact on health (Martin
Lillie, 2016).
Reference List:
Martin Lillie, C. M. (2016, December 29). Be kind to yourself: How self-compassion
can improve your resiliency. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/
healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/self-compassion-can-improveyour-resiliency/art-20267193
42
Tips:
• Give as much information about the date
as possible. Don’t use the copyright date
at the bottom of the screen as this is
probably not accurate. Instead, use “n.d.”
if there is no other date available.
• Include a retrieval date any time you
reference material from a site that has the
potential to change.
• If the author name is the same as the
title of the website, you do not need to
write this twice (as seen in the provided
example).
• If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
3.02 Organisation as author
Organisation. (Year, Month Day). Title of webpage. Title of Website.
URL
In-text:
World Health Organization (2018)
(World Health Organization, 2018)
Example:
The World Health Organization (2018) furthers this position suggesting …
Reference List:
World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on immunization
and vaccine safety. https://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en/
43
Tips:
• Bear in mind that most lecturers don’t
want you to use Wikipedia in your
reference lists at University, and you may
lose marks for doing so. Generally, you
should only use Wikipedia for background
reading and to help you find better
sources.
• When citing a Wikipedia page, you should
use the archived version so that you can
retrieve it at a later date if necessary. This
can be found by selecting “view history”
and then the time and date of the page
you used.
• If you cannot find a link to the archived
version of the page, you may use the
standard URL, but you must also include a
retrieval date at the end.
• In your in-text citations, capitalise all major
words in the Title of page, as seen in the
example. In your reference list, capitalise
the Title of page normally, as seen in the
example.
3.03 Wikipedia
Title of page. (Year, Month Day). In Wikipedia. URL
In-text:
“List of Oldest Companies” (2019)
(“List of Oldest Companies,” 2019)
Example:
… is one of the oldest companies (“List of Oldest Companies,” 2019)
Reference List:
List of oldest companies. (2019, January 13). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.
org/w/index.php?title-List_of_oldest_companies&oldid=878158136
44
Tips:
• Provide the DOI/URL for the specific blog
post you are referencing and not just the
blog.
• If the author uses a screenname or
username see
for rules on how to include this.
3.04 Blog posts
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Post title. Blog Title. DOI/URL
In-text:
Klymkowsky (2018)
(Klymkowsky, 2018)
Example:
Klymkowsky (2018) takes a scientific approach to this concept …
Reference List:
Klymkowsky, M. (2018, September 15). Can we talk scientifically about free will?
Sci-Ed. https://blogs.plos.org/scied/2018/09/15/can-we-talk-scientificallyabout-free-will/
45
Tips:
• Credit the person who left the comment
as the author and use the naming format
that appears with the comment (e.g. a real
name or a username).
• If the comment does not have a title (as in
the provided example), you should include
the first 20 words of the comment.
• If possible, provide the link to the specific
comment you are referencing.
3.05 Comment on a post
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Comment Title [Comment on “Post/
Article Title”]. Publisher/Website. URL
In-text:
KS in NJ (2019)
(KS in NJ, 2019)
Example:
As stated by KS in NJ (2019), “men are figuring something out that women have
known forever”.
Reference List:
KS in NJ. (2019, January 15). From this article, it sounds like men are figuring
something out that women have known forever. I know of many [Comment
on the article “How workout buddies can help stave off loneliness”]. The
Washington Post. https://wapost/2HDToGJ
46
Tips:
• If the post has an image attached, you
need to indicate this by including “[Image
attached]” directly after the contents of
the post (as seen in the provided example).
• If the post features , please follow
the APA rules for including them.
• Use only the first 20 words of the Text post.
3.06 Facebook post
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Text of post [Status Update]. Facebook.
URL
In-text:
Gaiman (2018)
(Gaiman, 2018)
Example:
… this situation was also addressed in a Facebook post by Neil Gaiman (2018).
Reference List:
Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refugees could be at serious risk
during Bangladesh’s monsoon season. My fellow UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador
Cate Blanchett is [image attached] [Status Update]. Facebook. http://bit.
ly/2JQzPAD
47
Tips:
• Use the page title in the reference, for
example, “Timeline”, “Home”, “Photos”,
“About”.
• This format can be adapted for other
social media platforms or profile pages
(for example, YouTube, Instagram, Tumblr,
LinkedIn and so forth).
3.07 Facebook page
Author, A. (n.d.). Page Name [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieval
date, from URL
In-text:
Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute (n.d.)
(Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, n.d.)
Example:
As seen on Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute (n.d.) …
Reference List:
Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. (n.d.). Home
[Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved July 22, 2019, from https://www.
facebook.com/nationalzoo
48
Tips:
• If the post features , please follow
the APA rules for including them.
• See for more
details on including usernames in your
reference.
• Use only the first 20 words of the Caption.
3.08 Instagram post
Author, A. [@screenname]. (Year, Month Date). Caption [Media
Type]. Instagram. URL
In-text:
Zeitz MOCAA (2018)
(Zeitz MOCAA, 2018)
Example:
As seen in the post by Zeitz MOCAA (2018) …
Reference List:
Zeitz MOCAA [@zeitzmocaa]. (2018, November 26). Grade 6 learners from Parkfields
Primary School in Hanover Park visited the museum for a tour and workshop
hosted by [Photographs]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/
BqpHpjFBs3b/
49
Tips:
• Use “n.d.” for the date; although each story
within a highlight is dated, the highlight
itself may contain stories from multiple
dates.
• As a highlight can change over time, you
must include a retrieval date.
• See for more
details on including usernames in your
reference.
3.09 Instagram highlight
Author, A. [@screenname]. (n.d.). Caption [Highlight]. Instagram.
Retrieval date, from URL
In-text:
The New York Public Library (n.d.)
(The New York Public Library, n.d.)
Example:
As seen in the highlight from The New York Public Library (n.d.) …
Reference List:
The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (n.d.). The raven [Highlight]. Instagram.
Retrieved April 16, 2019, from https://bitly.com/2FV8bu3
50
Tips:
• If the tweet has an image attached, you
need to indicate this by including “[Image
attached]” directly after the contents
of the tweet (as seen in the provided
example).
• If the post features , please follow
the APA rules for including them.
• See for more
details on including usernames in your
reference.
• Use only the first 20 words of the Contents
of the tweet.
3.10 Tweets
Author, A. [@screenname]. (Year, Month Day). Contents of the tweet
[Tweet]. Twitter. URL
In-text:
White (2018)
(White, 2018)
Example:
White (2018) also makes mention of this in her tweet …
Reference List:
White, B. [@BettyMWhite]. (2018, June 21). I treasure every minute we spent together
#koko [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BettyMWhite/
status/1009951892546227456
51
Tips:
• You must provide a retrieval date for
profiles as they change over time.
• There are several tabs on a Twitter profile,
ensure that you are referencing the correct
page name (for example, “Tweets”, “Lists”,
“Moments” etc.).
• See for more
details on including usernames in your
reference.
3.11 Twitter profle
Author, A. [@screenname]. (n.d.). Page Title [Twitter profile]. Twitter.
Retrieval Date, from URL
In-text:
Jb Billy Goat (n.d.)
(Jb Billy Goat, n.d.)
Example:
… convey an attempt at a comedic tone (Jb Billy Goat, n.d.).
Reference List:
Jb Billy Goat [@Jb_Billy_Goat]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter Profile]. Twitter. Retrieved
December 3, 2019, from https://twitter.com/jb_billy_goat?lang=en
52
Tips:
• The person who uploaded the video is
credited as the author even if they did not
themselves create the work.
• If the author’s real name is known use
that and include their username in square
brackets (as seen in the Fogarty example).
Otherwise use the username as the
authors name.
• See for more
details on including usernames in your
reference.
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
Fogarty example).
• This format can be also used for other
video hosting websites like Vimeo.
3.12 YouTube
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL
In-text:
Fogarty (2016)
(Fogarty, 2016)
Mayday Parade (2013)
(Mayday Parade, 2013)
Example:
… further discusses sentence structure (Fogarty, 2016, 1:30).
Reference List:
Fogarty, M. [Grammar Girl]. (2016, September 30). How to diagram a sentence
(absolute basics) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.yotu.be/deiEY5Yq1ql
Mayday Parade. (2013, September 26). Mayday Parade – Monsters in the
closet interview (part 1) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=8rUZjj4bwzo
53
Sound Image
Art
Video
4. Sound, Video, Image & Art
54
Tips:
• For recordings of Classical works, provide
the composer’s name as the author and
note the individual or group who recorded
the version you are using in square
brackets after the title (as in the Bach
example).
• For Classical works, you should note
both the year of recording, and the year
of original publication, both in-text and
in your reference list (as in the Bach
example).
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
Bowie example).
• To reference a single , please see the
template for songs.
4.01 Album
Artist, A. (Year). Album Title [Album]. Record Label.
In-text:
(Bach, 1721/2010)
Bach (1721/2010)
(Bowie, 2016)
Bowie (2016)
Example:
The first key change in Bowie’s Blackstar (2016, 11:17) is very significant.
Reference List:
Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos: Concertos BWV 1043 & 1060 [Album
recorded by Academy of St Martin in the Fields]. Decca. (Original work
published 1721)
Bowie, D. (2016). Blackstar [Album]. Columbia.
55
Tips:
• If a song has no associated album, you can
leave out that part of the reference.
• If a song is hosted on a web platform such
as SoundCloud and is only accessible
there, then you should include the URL at
the end of your reference.
• For recordings of Classical works, provide
the composer’s name as the author and
note the individual or group who recorded
the version you are using in square
brackets after the title (as in the
example on the previous page).
• For Classical works, you should note both
the year of recording, and the year of
original publication, both in-text and in
your reference list (as in the
example on the previous page).
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
4.02 Song
Artist, A. (Year). Song title [Song]. On Album Title. Record Label.
In-text:
My Chemical Romance (2006)
(My Chemical Romance, 2006)
Example:
The third verse of My Chemical Romance’s “Famous last words” (2006, 1:03)
exemplifies the emo movement …
Reference List:
My Chemical Romance. (2006). Famous last words [Song]. On The black parade.
Reprise Records.
56
Tips:
• If you do not have a URL for the podcast
(e.g. if accessed through an app), leave out
that section.
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
• If the Podcast is still airing, replace the
second year with the word “present” (as
seen in the example).
4.03 Podcast
Author, A. (Host). (Year, Month). Podcast title [Audio Podcast].
Production Company. DOI/URL
In-text:
Vedantam (2015-present)
(Vedantam, 2015-present)
Example:
Vedantam (2015-present, 1:30:40) covers this topic specifically …
Reference List:
Vedantam, S. (Host). (2015-present). Hidden brain [Audio Podcast]. NPR. https://
www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain
57
Tips:
• If you do not have a URL for the podcast
(e.g. if accessed through an app), leave out
that section.
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
4.04 Podcast episode
Author, A. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (episode number)
[Audio Podcast Episode]. In Podcast title. Production Company.
DOI/URL
In-text:
Glass (2011)
(Glass, 2011)
Example:
As discussed in Glass (2011, 1:05) …
Reference List:
Glass, I. (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement park (No. 443) [Audio Podcast
episode]. In This American life. WEBZ Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.
org/radio-archives/episode/443/amusement-park
58
Tips:
• For radio interviews that are found in
digital or physical archives, you should
credit the interviewee as the author.
• To reference other types of interviews, for
example ones published in magazines
or on TV programs, use the style of
referencing appropriate to that medium. In
some cases, the interviewee’s name may
not be mentioned in the reference itself.
In this case, when you are citing it in-text,
you should make the interviewee’s name
known.
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number.
4.05 Radio program/interview
Host, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Source.
In-text:
de Beauvoir (1960)
(de Beauvoir, 1960)
PM (2004)
(PM, 2004)
Example:
de Beauvoir (1960) discusses this in detail …
Reference List:
de Beauvoir, S. (1960, May 4). Simone de Beauvoir discusses the art of writing
[Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago History Museum. https://
studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/simone-de-beauvoir-discusses-art-writing
PM (2004, June 2). 702AM [Radio Program]. ABC Radio.
59
Tips:
• The author is the person whose speech
has been recorded.
• If there is a DOI available, that is preferred
over a URL.
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
4.06 Recording of a speech
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Speech audio recording].
Publishing Company. DOI/URL
In-text:
King (1963)
(King, 1963)
Example:
… “I have a dream” (King, 1963, 3:30).
Reference List:
King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American
Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.
htm
60
Tips:
• For a film, you should credit the director
as the author. If the director is unknown,
you can credit someone in a similar role
that would help someone retrieve the work
(this role then needs to be recorded within
brackets after the individual’s name).
• You do not need to record how you
watched the film or video (e.g. in a theatre,
on a DVD, etc.). However, you can include
this information in the reference when it is
relevant – for example, if the version you
used had special features, commentary,
or was a limited release. In this case, you
would include the information within the
square brackets after the media type (as
seen in the example).
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
4.07 Film or video
Contributor, A. (Role). (Year). Title. [Media Type]. Production
Company.
In-text:
Jackson (2001)
(Jackson, 2001)
Example:
… and it has been established that second breakfast is a staple of the Hobbit
feeding patterns (Jackson, 2001, 1:30:40).
Reference List:
Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring. [Film;
four-disc special extended ed. on DVD]. WingNut Films; The Saul Zaentz
Company.
61
Tips:
• If the film or video you are referencing is in
a language other than English, you should
include the English translation in brackets
after the title.
• For a film, you should credit the director as
the author. If the director is unknown, you
can credit someone in a similar role that
would help someone retrieve the work (this
role then needs to be recorded wit
in brackets after the individual’s name).
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
• If any element of the reference is written
in characters, you should use pinyin or
English transliteration.
4.08 Film or video in a language other
than English
Contributor, A. (Role). (Year). Title [Translation] [Media Type].
Production Company.
In-text:
Benigni (1997)
(Benigni, 1997)
Example:
… similar cinematic techniques were employed in Benigni (1997, 45:12)
Reference List:
Benigni, R. (Director). (1997). La vita è bella [Life is beautiful] [Film]. Melampo
Cinematografica; Cecchi Gori Group.
62
Tips:
• This format should only be used for
recorded, retrievable webinars.
• If you want to reference an unrecorded
webinar, you should use the
format.
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
4.09 Recorded webinar
Author, A. (Year). Title [Webinar]. Publisher/Production Company.
URL
In-text:
Goldberg (2018)
(Goldberg, 2018)
Example:
These negative effects were noted in Goldberg (2018, 30:40).
Reference List:
Goldberg, J. F. (2018). Evaluating adverse drug effects [Webinar]. American
Psychiatric Association. https://education.psychiatry.org/Users/
ProductDetails.aspx?ActivityID=6172
63
Tips:
• When the TED talk comes directly from
TED’s website, you can use the name of
the speaker as the author (as seen in the
Giertz example). However, when you are
taking the video from , you must
list the channel that uploaded it as the
author.
• When the speaker is not listed as an
author, you can integrate their name into
the body of your assessment if necessary.
For example: “Brown discussed shame as
a shared human experience (TED, 2012)”.
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number (as seen in the
example).
4.10 TED talk
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. Platform. DOI/URL
In-text:
Giertz (2018)
(Giertz, 2018)
TED (2012)
(TED, 2012)
Example:
… introduce the idea that we should change our way of thinking (Giertz, 2018; TED,
2012, 1:40).
Reference List:
Giertz, S. (2018, April). Why you should make useless things [Video]. TED
Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/simone_giertz_why_you_should_
make_useless_things
TED. (2012, March 16). Brene Brown: Listening to shame [Video]. YouTube. https://
youtube.com/watch?v=psN1DORYYV0
64
Tips:
• When a TV series spans multiple years,
separate the year range with a dash. If the
series is still airing, replace the second
year with the word ‘present’ (as seen in the
example).
• When there is more than one Production
Company (as seen in the example), you
must list all of them separated by a semicolon (“;”).
4.11 TV series
Contributor, A. (Role). (Year). Title [Format]. Production Company.
In-text:
McCulloch and Thorne (2019-present)
(McCulloch & Thorne, 2019-present)
Example:
… and challenges the authority of organised religion (McCulloch & Thorne,
2019-present)
Reference List:
McCulloch, D., & Thorne, J. (Executive producers). (2019-present). His dark materials
[TV Series]. Bad Wolf; British Broadcasting Company (BBC); New Line
Cinema; Scholastic.
65
Tips:
• The season and episode number need
to be included within brackets after the
episode title.
• The writer/s and director/s should be
credited as the authors for each episode.
These roles must be included in brackets
after each person’s name in the reference
• If available, you should also list the list.
executive producer of the series before
the title of TV series, as seen in the
example).
• To quote directly from the work, provide
a time stamp in the in-text reference in
place of a page number.
4.12 TV episode
Contributor, A. (Role), & Contributor, B. (Role). (Year, Month Day).
Episode title (Season, Episode) [Format]. In C. Contributor (Role),
Series Title. Production Company.
In-text:
Davies and Lyn (2006)
(Davies & Lyn, 2006)
Example:
Davies and Lyn (2006) posit that the British royal family are werewolves.
Reference List:
Davies, R. (Writer), & Lyn, E. (Director). (2006, April 22). Tooth and claw (Season 2,
Episode 2) [TV Series Episode]. In R. T. Davies (Executive producer), Doctor
Who. British Broadcasting Company (BBC).
66
Tips:
• Use this format to cite, not reproduce, an
infographic.
• If you want to reproduce an infographic
in work you are publishing, you may need
to obtain permission; or a copyright
attribution may be necessary (this rule
does not apply to student assignments).
• If you are including an image, figure
or table from another source in your
assignment but not discussing it in text
(e.g. if you are just saying “see Table 1”),
include the full reference list entry as a
caption underneath it.
4.13 Infographic
Author, A. (Year). Title [Infographic]. Source. DOI/URL
In-text:
Rossman and Palmer (2015)
(Rossman & Palmer, 2015)
Example:
… through our space junk (Rossman & Palmer, 2015).
Reference List:
Rossman, J., & Palmer, R. (2015). Sorting through our space junk [Infographic]. World
Science Festival. https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2015/11/pacejunk-inforgraphic/
67
Tips:
• If there is no title, instead describe the
map in square brackets in place of the title
and include a retrieval date before the URL.
• If you are including an image, figure
or table from another source in your
assignment but not discussing it in text
(e.g. if you are just saying “see Figure 1”),
include the full reference list entry as a
caption underneath it.
4.14 Maps
Author, A. (Year). Title. Source. URL
In-text:
Cable (2013)
(Cable, 2013)
Example:
… as seen in the racial dot map (Cable, 2013) …
Reference List:
Cable, D. (2013). The racial dot map [Map]. University of Virginia, Weldon Cooper
Center for Public Service. https://demographics.coopercenter.org/racialDot-Map
68
Tips:
• For untitled images, include a brief
description inside square brackets instead
of a title (as seen in the example).
• If you are including an image, figure
or table from another source in your
assignment but not discussing it in text
(e.g. if you are just saying “see Figure 1”),
include the full reference list entry as a
caption underneath it.
4.15 Stock images or clip art
Author, A. (Year). Title [Media Type]. Source. URL
In-text:
Sunny Studio (n.d.)
(Sunny Studio, n.d.)
Example:
As seen in the below image (Sunny Studio, n.d.).
Reference List:
Sunny Studio. (n.d.). [Portrait of child in front of a blackboard] [Stock Image].
Shuttershock. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/portrait-childclassroom-toy-virtual-reality-709519363
69
Tips:
• This format can be used for photos or other
artworks that are not associated with
museums or galleries.
• When the source is the same as the author,
it can be left out.
• For untitled photographs, include a brief
description inside square brackets instead
of a title (as seen in the second example).
• If you are including an image, figure
or table from another source in your
assignment but not discussing it in text
(e.g. if you are just saying “see Figure 1”),
include the full reference list entry as a
caption underneath it.
4.16 Photograph
Author, A. (Year). Title [Medium]. Source. URL
In-text:
McCurry (1985)
(McCurry, 1985)
Rinaldi (2016)
(Rinaldi, 2016)
Example:
McCurry’s (1985) image is an example of a photograph that has …
Reference List:
McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.
nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-
years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg/
Rinaldi, J. (2016). [Photograph series of a boy who finds his footing after abuse by
those he trusted]. The Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/
Jessica-rinaldi
70
Tips:
• For untitled artworks, include a brief
description of the art in square brackets in
place of the title.
• This format can be used to cite all types
of museum or gallery artwork, including
paintings, sculptures, photographs, prints,
drawings, and installations. The type or
medium of the art needs to be included in
square brackets after the title.
• Museum location should be in the format
City, State (if relevant), Country.
• If the artwork is not in a museum, replace
all museum details with the source of your
image, and include a URL.
• If your image comes from a database
behind a paywall, e.g. Oxford Art Online,
use the database name in place of the
museum details but leave out the URL.
4.17 Artwork in a museum or on a
museum website
Author, A. (Year). Title [Medium]. Museum name, Museum location.
URL
In-text:
Wood (1930)
(Wood, 1930)
Example:
Wood’s American gothic (1930) is a widely influential example of …
Reference List:
Wood, G. (1930). American gothic [Painting]. Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL,
United States. https://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/6565
71
When referencing Australian legal
materials, use the conventions
described in the Australian Guide
to Legal Citation referencing style
(AGLC, 4th ed., 2018). When using
this style in your assignments, the
in-text references are written in
the same way as the entries in the
reference list.
In some cases, AGLC does not use
commas or full stops to separate the
elements.
5. Legal Materials
72
Tips:
• When referring to a specific part of an
Act, you do not use page numbers but
rather, sections, abbreviated by “s” for one
section and “ss” for more than one (as
seen in the example).
• When possible, it is recommended that
you use the narrative form of in-text
referencing. For example, Crimes Act 1958
(Vic).
5.01 Acts
Title Year (Jurisdiction)
Title – should always be in italics.
Year – the year the legislation went into effect. Should always be in italics.
(Jurisdiction) – this is the geographical area in which the legislation applies (in Australia, this
means the Commonwealth or one of the States or Territories) written in shorthand within brackets
as per AGLC guidelines (Cth, NSW, Vic, Qld, SA, WA, Tas, ACT, or NT).
In-text:
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic)
(Crimes Act 1958 (Vic))
Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW)
(Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) s 54)
Example:
This is established in the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) (s 54).
Reference List:
Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW).
Crimes Act 1958 (Vic).
73
Tips:
• When there are multiple Bills with the
same name, the title may be followed by
a number (as seen in the given example);
make sure to include this.
• When referring to a specific part of a Bill,
you do not use page numbers but rather,
clauses, abbreviated by “cl” (as seen in the
example).
• When possible, it is recommended that
you use the narrative form of in-text
referencing. For example, Law and Justice
Amendment Bill 2004 (Cth).
5.02 Bills
Title Year (Jurisdiction)
Title – for Bills, the title should never be in italics
Year – the year the Bill was introduced into Parliament
(Jurisdiction) – written in shorthand within brackets, in the same way as an
In-text:
Law and Justice Amendment Bill (No 2) 1995 (Cth)
(Law and Justice Amendment Bill (No 2) 1995 (Cth))
Law and Justice Amendment Bill 2004 (Cth)
(Law and Justice Amendment Bill 2004 (Cth) cl 22)
Example:
… as seen in the Law and Justice Amendment Bill (No 2) 1995 (cl 13).
Reference List:
Law and Justice Amendment Bill (No 2) 1995 (Cth).
Law and Justice Amendment Bill 2004 (Cth).
74
Tips:
• To refer to a specific part of a case, after
the starting page number, place a comma
and a space, and then record the page
number to which you are referring (as seen
in the given example).
• If the case is online and has paragraph
numbers rather than page numbers, place
a comma and a space, and then record
the paragraph number to which you are
referring, enclosed in square brackets.
• If you need to know the full name of an
abbreviated law report series, a list can
be found in Appendix A of the AGLC. A list
of Court abbreviations can be found in
Appendix B.
• When possible, it is recommended that
you use the narrative form of in-text
referencing. For example, Talacko v
Bennett (2017) 260 CLR 124.
5.03 Case law
Case Name (Year) Volume Law Report Series Starting page
Case Name – should always be in italics
(Year) – some cases use square brackets around the year; you should copy whichever format is
used
Volume – not all cases will have a volume number; if they don’t, this can be left out
Law Report Series – this is an abbreviation of the full Law Report Series title. In some cases, an
abbreviation of the Court name is used instead.
Starting Page – only include the page number, no full stops. In some cases, a judgment number is
used instead.
In-text:
Talacko v Bennett (2017) 260 CLR 124
(Talacko v Bennet (2017) 260 CLR 124, 126)
Fennell v The Queen [2019] HCA 37
(Fennell v The Queen [2019] HCA 37)
Example:
… as set by the precedent in Talacko v Bennett (2017) 260 CLR 124.
Reference List:
Fennell v The Queen [2019] HCA 37.
Talacko v Bennett (2017) 260 CLR 124.
75
Tips:
• When referring to a specific part of a
treaty, you do not use page numbers, but
rather, articles (abbreviated as “art”, as
seen in the example).
5.04 Treaties & international
conventions (multilateral)
Title of treaty, Date Opened for Signature, Treaty Series Volume
Treaty Series Abbreviation First Page (Date of entry into Force)
In-text:
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, opened for signature 1 July 1968,
729 UNTS 161 (entered into force 5 March 1970)
(Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, opened for signature 1 July
1968, 729 UNTS 161 (entered into force 5 March 1970) art 3)
Example:
This possibility is clearly permitted (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons, opened for signature 1 July 1968, 729 UNTS 161 (entered into force 5
March 1970) art 3).
Reference List:
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, opened for signature 1 July 1968,
729 UNTS 161 (entered into force 5 March 1970).
76
Tips:
• When referring to a specific part of a
treaty, you do not use page numbers, but
rather, articles (abbreviated as “art”, as
seen in the example).
• In a bilateral or trilateral treaty, if the party
names are in the title of the treaty, they do
not need to be repeated after the title.
5.05 Treaties & international
conventions (bilateral or trilateral)
Title of treaty, Party Names, Date Signed, Treaty Series Volume
Treaty Series Abbreviation First Page (Date of entry into Force)
In-text:
Agreement Regarding the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of
Northern Slesvig, Denmark-Germany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into force 17
January 1922)
(Agreement Regarding the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of
Northern Slesvig, Denmark-Germany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into force 17
January 1922))
Example:
The debate over this aspect of the process was finally resolved (Agreement Regarding
the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of Northern Slesvig, DenmarkGermany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into force 17 January 1922) art 7).
Reference List:
Agreement Regarding the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of
Northern Slesvig, Denmark-Germany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into
force 17 January 1922).
77
Tips:
• “Parliamentary Debates” should always be
written in italics, whether it is in-text or in
the reference list.
• The Jurisdiction is written in full: Australia,
New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland,
South Australia, Western Australia,
Tasmania, Australian Capital Territory, or
Northern Territory.
• The Chamber is the House of Parliament
where the speech took place.
• The page number is the page on which the
speech begins.
• Include the name of the person whose
speech is being referred to if this is
relevant. Use the format First name Last
name.
5.06 Parliamentary debates (Hansard)
Jurisdiction, Parliamentary Debates, Chamber, Full Date of Debate,
Page Number (Name of Speaker).
In-text:
Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 14 December 2017, 6854
(Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 14 December 2017, 6854)
Example:
… noted in Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 14 December 2017,
6854.
Reference List:
Victoria, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 14 December 2017, 6854.
78
Tips:
• The year refers to the year that the patent
was approved, not the year it was applied
for.
• The patent number refers to the unique
identifier code that each patent is
assigned.
5.07 Patents
Inventor, A. (Year patent issued). Title of patent (Patent Number).
Patent and Trademark Office. URL
In-text:
Hiremath et al. (2016)
(Hiremath et al., 2016)
Example:
As set out in Hiremath et al. (2016) …
Reference List:
Hiremath, S. C., Kumar, S., Lu, F., & Salehi, A. (2016). Using metaphors to present
concepts across different intellectual domains (U.S. Patent No. 9,367,592).
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nphParser?patentnumber=9367592
79
Tips:
• If the standard you are using is found in
a library database, just link to the home
page of the database (as seen in the
example).
• If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
5.08 Standards
Author, A. (Year). Title (Number). URL
In-text:
Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand (2018)
(Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand, 2018)
Example:
… based on the standard for hospital lighting (Standards Australia & Standards New
Zealand, 2018).
Reference List:
Standards Australia & Standards New Zealand. (2018). Interior and workspace
lighting part 2.5: Hospital and medical tasks (AS/NZS 1680.2.5-2018). https://
www.saiglobal.com/
80
6. Unpublished Sources
Materials from
universities Other
81
Tips:
• If the slides (or resource) you are citing
come from a classroom website, learning
platform, or company intranet that your
audience has access to, provide the name
of the site and the URL for the login page
(as seen in the examples).
6.01 Lecture notes, slideshows or UTS
Online
Author, A. (Year). Title [Type of resource]. Company/University
Name. URL
In-text:
Allen (2012)
(Allen, 2012)
Madden (2012)
(Madden, 2012)
Example:
… in an effort to reduce plastic waste in groceries (Allen, 2012; Madden, 2012).
Reference List:
Allen, B. (2012). Things you need to know about groceries [Subject 95206 lecture
notes]. UTS Online. https://online.uts.edu.au/
Madden, X. V. (2012). Lecture 6: The life cycle of a plastic bottle [Subject 53205
PowerPoint slides]. UTS Online. https://online.uts.edu.au/
82
Tips:
• Publication types common for this type of
reference include “doctoral dissertation”
and “master’s thesis”.
• For unpublished dissertations or theses,
the “source” is the name of the institution
(as seen in the example).
• See also
6.02 Unpublished thesis or
dissertation
Author, A. (Year). Title [Unpublished publication type]. Source.
In-text:
Harris (2014)
(Harris, 2014)
Example:
In Harris’s (2014) dissertation …
Reference List:
Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary
school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.
83
Tips:
• For manuscripts that have been submitted,
but not published, use the phrase
“Manuscript submitted for publication” in
the square brackets.
• If you are referencing an article that has
been submitted to a journal, but is not yet
accepted for publication, do not list the
name of the journal it has been submitted
to. If it has been accepted but is not
printed yet, reference it as .
6.03 Unpublished book or article
Author, A. (Year). Title [Unpublished manuscript]. Source.
In-text:
Yoo et al. (2016)
(Yoo et al., 2016)
Example:
Yoo et al. (2016), make the point that …
Reference List:
Yoo, J., Miyamoto, Y., Rigotti, A., & Ryff, C. (2016). Linking positive affect to blood
lipids: A cultural perspective [Unpublished manuscript]. Department of
Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
84
Tips:
• If your pamphlet or zine has no credited
author, move the title to the front of the
reference. For example, see .
6.04 Pamphlets or zines
Author, A. (Year). Title [Format]. Publisher.
In-text:
University of Technology Sydney (2009)
(University of Technology Sydney, 2009)
Example:
… for an ergonomic workplace (University of Technology Sydney, 2009).
Reference List:
University of Technology Sydney. (2009). UTS: Staff safety & wellbeing at work:
Computer comfort [Pamphlet]. UTS.
85
Tips:
• Personal communication is when an
individual person or group of people
has communicated privately with you.
This can take several forms, including
conversations, emails, letters, text
messages, and interviews.
6.05 Personal communication
A. Author (personal communication, Month Day, Year)
In-text:
J. McAlpine (personal communication, November 14, 2019)
(J. McAlpine, personal communication, November 14, 2019)
Example:
An email (J. McAlpine, personal communication, November 14, 2014) confirming that
results are accurate …
Reference list:
Cited information from a personal communication does not appear in the reference
list.
86
Reports Reviews
Data & technology
Conference
materials
7. Other Academic Sources
87
Tips:
• The names of parent agencies that are
not present in the group author name
can appear in the source element as the
publisher.
• The ABS example uses an abbreviated
author name. See the section for
rules on abbreviating author names.
• If the report has a DOI, use this instead of
the URL.
• If the report is not found online, and has no
DOI, you can leave the DOI/URL part of the
reference out.
• If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
7.01 Report by an organisation or
government agency
Agency/Organisation. (Year). Title. DOI/URL
In-text:
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2009)
(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2009)
(ABS, 2009)
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2017)
(U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2017)
Example:
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2009) …
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2017) shows that …
Reference List:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Education and work, Australia, May 2009.
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/6227.0?OpenDocument
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2017). Agency financial report: Fiscal
year 2017. https://www.sec.gov/files/sec-2017-agency-financial -report.pdf
88
Tips:
• For works with three or more authors,
include the name of the first author only,
plus “et al.” for every in-text citation
(including the first one).
• When there are 21 or more authors, include
the names of the first 19 authors followed
by “…” and then the name of the final
author.
7.02 Reports by individuals on behalf
of an organisation or government
agency
Author, A. (Year). Title. Organisation/Agency. DOI/URL
In-text:
Fried and Polyakova (2018)
(Fried & Polyakova, 2018)
Example:
Fried and Polyakova (2018) cover this topic extensively, suggesting …
Reference List:
Fried, D., & Polyakova, A. (2018). Democratic defense against disinformation. Atlantic
Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Democratic_
Defense_Against_Disinformation_FINAL.pdf
89
Tips:
• If a code of ethics has been amended
over time, you can reflect that information
within parentheses after the title, e.g.:
(2002, amended, effective June 1, 2010
and January 1, 2017).
• If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
7.03 Code of ethics
Author, A. (Year). Title. URL
In-text:
American Nurses Association (2015)
(American Nurses Association, 2015)
Example:
… as per the nursing code of ethics (American Nurses Association, 2015).
Reference List:
American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive
statements. https://www.nursingworld.org/coe-view-only
90
Tips:
• The principal investigator should be listed
as the author with their role in brackets
afterwards (as seen in the example).
• The dates in the bracket should capture
the start year to the end year.
• The funding agency should be listed as the
source.
7.04 Grants
Author, A. (Principal Investigator). (Start year-End year). Title
(project/Grant number) [Grant]. Source. URL
In-text:
Blair (2015-2020)
(Blair, 2015-2020)
Example:
… in middle childhood (Blair, 2015-2020).
Reference List:
Blair, C. B. (Principal Investigator). (2015-2020). Stress, self-regulation and
psycho-pathology in middle childhood (Project no. 5R01HD081252-04)
[Grant]. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health &
Human Development. https://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_details.
cfm?aid=9473071&icde=40092311
91
Tips:
• The university where the degree was
awarded should be included in the square
brackets after the title, separated from the
type of publication by a comma (as seen in
the given examples).
• If a thesis from a database has a
publication number, you should add it in
parentheses after the title, in plain text, as
in the Hollander example.
• If the dissertation or thesis has not been
published, see
.
7.05 Dissertation/thesis
Author, A. (Year). Title [Type of Publication, Name of Institution].
Database/Archive. DOI/URL
In-text:
Hollander (2017)
(Hollander, 2017)
Hutcheson (2012)
(Hutcheson, 2012)
Example:
… from this we can conclude that these groups employ similar strategies
(Hutcheson, 2012).
Reference List:
Hollander, M. (2017). Resistance to authority: Methodological innovations and new
lessons from the Milgram experiment (Publication No. 10289373) [Doctoral
dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses Global.
Hutcheson, V. H. (2012). Dealing with dual differences: Social coping strategies
of gifted and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer adolescents
[Master’s Thesis, The College of William & Mary]. William & Mary Digital
Archive. https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/bitsream/handle/10288/16594/
HutchesonVirginia2012.pdf
92
Tips:
• Make sure you include the names of all
authors, even if they were not present at
the presentation.
• The dates should match the date(s) of the
full conference.
• Conference papers or proceedings that
have been published in a journal or book
should be referenced as a
or .
7.06 Conference papers
Author, A. (Year, Month Date Range). Title [Paper Presentation].
Conference Name, City, State, Country.
In-text:
Campbell (2019)
(Campbell, 2019)
Example:
Campbell (2019) has several far-reaching implications for …
Reference List:
Campbell, K. (2019, October 28-29). An information behaviours view of first in
family students before and during university [Paper Presentation]. Research
Applications in Information and Library Studies, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
93
Tips:
• Make sure you include the names of all
authors, even if they were not present at
the presentation.
• The dates should match the date(s) of the
full conference.
• If the URL is very long, you can use URL
shorteners, as seen in the given example.
7.07 Conference posters
Author, A. (Year, Month Date Range). Title [Poster Presentation].
Conference Name, City, State, Country. DOI/URL
In-text:
Pearson (2018)
(Pearson, 2018)
Example:
… reflecting the theme of self-acceptance and improvement (Pearson, 2018).
Reference List:
Pearson, J. (2018, September 27-30). Fat talk and its effects on state-based body
image in women [Poster Presentation]. Australian Psychological Society
Congress, Sydney, NSW, Australia. http://bit.ly/2XGSThP
94
Tips:
• Make sure you include the names of all
authors, even if they were not present at
the presentation.
• The dates should match the date(s) of the
full conference.
7.08 Conference sessions
Author, A. (Year, Month Date Range). Title [Conference Session].
Conference Name, City, State, Country. DOI/URL
In-text:
Fistek et al. (2017)
(Fistek et al., 2017)
Example:
… this was a recurring theme in Fistek et al. (2017).
Reference List:
Fistek, A., Jester, E., & Sonnenberg, K. (2017, July 12-15). Everybody’s got a little
music in them: Using music therapy to connect, engage, and motivate
[Conference Session]. Autism Society National Conference, Milwaukee, WI,
United States. https://asa.confex.com/asa/2017/webprogramarchives/
Session9517.html
95
Tips:
• If there is no DOI available, you may leave
this element out.
7.09 Symposium
Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution. In C. Chairperson
(Chair), Title of Symposium [Symposium]. Conference Name, City,
State, Country. DOI
In-text:
De Boer and LaFavor (2018)
(De Boer & LaFavor, 2018)
Example:
De Boer and LaFavor (2018) make the point that …
Reference List:
De Boer, D., & LaFavor, T. (2018, April 26-29). The art and significance of
successfully identifying resilient individuals: A person-focused approach.
In A. M. Schmidt & A. Kryvanos (Chairs), Perspectives on resilience:
Conceptualization, measurement and enhancement [Symposium]. Western
Psychological Association 98th Annual Convention, Portland, OR, United
States.
96
Tips:
• Reviews can be published in a variety of
formats, including journals, magazines,
newspapers, websites, and blogs.
• The reference for the review should use
the format of the source being discussed,
with the addition of the square brackets to
inform the reader that it is a review.
• In the square brackets you need to include
the name/s of the book’s authors.
• The given example has the Month and
Day as well as the year because a review
published in a newspaper.
7.10 Book review
Author, A. (Year). Title of review [Review of book Book Title, by B.
Author]. Source. DOI/URL
In-text:
Santos (2019)
(Santos, 2019)
Example:
… talks about refugee experiences, with a focus on female perspectives (Santos,
2019).
Reference List:
Santos, F. (2019, January 11). Reframing refugee children’s stories [Review of the
book We are displaced: My journey and stories from refugee girls around the
world, by M. Yousafzai]. The New York Times. https://nyti.ms/2HIgjk3
97
Tips:
• Reviews can be published in a variety of
formats, including journals, magazines,
newspapers, websites, and blogs.
• The reference for a review should use the
format of the source being discussed, with
the addition of the square brackets to
inform the reader that it is a review.
• In the square brackets you need to include
the name of the film’s director/s followed
by “Dir.”.
• The example is from a review published in
a journal.
7.11 Film review
Author, A. (Year). Title of review [Review of film Film Title, by A.
Contributor, Dir.]. Source. DOI/URL
In-text:
Mirabito and Heck (2016)
(Mirabito & Heck, 2016)
Example:
Mirabito and Heck (2016) explore how the film …
Reference List:
Mirabito, L. A., & Heck, N. C. (2016). Bringing LGBTQ youth theatre into the spotlight
[Review of the film The year we thought about love, by E. Brodsky, Dir.].
Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(4), 499-500. https://
doi.org/10.0137/sgd0000205
98
Tips:
• Reviews can be published in a variety of
formats, including journals, magazines,
newspapers, websites, and blogs.
• The reference for a review should use the
format of the source being discussed, with
the addition of the square brackets to
inform the reader that it is a review.
• In the square brackets you need to include
the name of the episode’s writer/s and
director/s followed by “Writer” and “Dir.”
respectively.
• The given example is from a review
published on a website.
• In this example, the title is in italics
because it is a webpage on a website. See
.
• The title of the TV show (The Good Place) is
in sentence case and would normally be in
italics, but because the title of the review
is also in italics, “The good place” appears
in “reverse italics”.
7.12 TV episode review
Author, A. (Year). Title of review [Review of the TV Series episode
“Episode Title”, by A. Contributor, Writer & B. Contributor, Dir.].
Source. DOI/URL
In-text:
Perkins (2018)
(Perkins, 2018)
Example:
Perkins (2018) draws attentions to the irrational tone of hope evident …
Reference List:
Perkins, D. (2018, February 1). The good place ends its remarkable second season
with irrational hope, unexpected gifts and a smile [Review of the TV series
episode “Somewhere else”, by M. Schur, Writer & Dir.]. A.V. Club. https://
www.avclub.com/the-good-place-ends-its-remarkable-second-seasonwith-i-1822649316
99
Tips:
• The date for published data is the
publication date. When using unpublished
data, use the date of collection.
• If the data set is likely to change over time,
include a retrieval date before the DOI/
URL.
• If there are two organizational authors do
not place a comma between their names.
7.13 Data sets
Author, A. (Year). Title. Publisher. DOI/URL
In-text:
Pew Research Center (2018)
(Pew Research Center, 2018)
Example:
The Pew Research Center (2018) released a data set that …
Reference List:
Pew Research Center. (2018). American trends panel Wave 26 [Data Set]. Retrieved
October 21, 2019, from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/dataset/americantrends-panel-wave-26/
100
Tips:
• Publisher can refer to the App Store or the
Google Play Store.
• You do not need to cite software or
programming languages that you merely
mention in-text. However, if you quote
or paraphrase them, they do need to be
properly referenced.
• You should also reference software that
is likely to be unfamiliar to your intended
audience.
7.14 Software & apps
Author, A. (Year). Name/Title (Version) [Type]. Publisher. URL
In-text:
Borenstein et al. (2014)
(Borenstein et al., 2014)
Epocrates (2019)
(Epocrates, 2019)
Example:
Furthermore, Epocrates (2019) provides support for users …
Reference List:
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2014). Comprehensive metaanalysis (Version 3.3.070) [Computer software]. Biostat. https://www.metaanalysis.com/
Epocrates. (2019). Epocrates medical references (Version 18.12) [Mobile App]. App
Store. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/epocrates/id281935788?mt=8
101
You should capitalise most terms
that are associated with Indigenous
peoples; this includes names of
specific groups, languages, and
words related to indigenous culture
(E.g. Creation, the Creator, Oral
Tradition, Traditional Knowledge,
etc.).
Other resources that are not listed
in this section can be modified
by adding the “Nation/Country,
Language Group, Place of Nation/
Country” elements to other
referencing templates.
8. Indigenous Materials
UTS Library guide to referencing Indigenous material by
Danièle Hromek & Sophie Herbert is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialShareAlike 4.0 International License.
102
Tips:
• If the author is not known,
use “Unrecorded” in place of the author.
8.01 Artwork (online)
Author, A. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country, Language group,
Place of Nation/Country. Source. URL
In-text:
Whiskey (2018)
(Whiskey, 2018)
Example:
… as seen in Whiskey (2018).
Reference List:
Whiskey, K. (2018). Kaylene TV [Painting]. Indulkana, APY Lands, South Australia. Art
Gallery of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/
prizes/sulman/2018/29987/
103
Tips:
• If the author is not known,
use “Unrecorded” in place of the author.
8.02 Artwork (in person)
Author, A. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country, Language group,
Place of Nation/ Country. Museum name, Museum location.
In-text:
Campbell (1988)
(Campbell, 1988)
Example:
Campbell (1988) demonstrates this through …
Reference List:
Campbell, R., Jr. (1988). Abo history (facts) [Painting]. Ngaku people, Kempsey, NSW,
Australia. National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
104
Tips:
• Can replace “personal communication”
with “yarn” if appropriate. For example, if
using a yarning methodology
• If you are yourself an Indigenous person
and are sharing your own experiences, you
do not need to provide any form of citation
(either in-text or in the reference list).
However, you should describe yourself in
the text to contextualise the information
you are sharing (this would include what
nation you belong to and where you live).
8.03 Personal communication with
Indigenous people
A. Author (Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/
Country, personal communication, Month Day, Year)
In-text:
E. Timbery (Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, NSW, Australia, personal communication, April
23, 2015)
(E. Timbery, Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, NSW, Australia, personal communication, April
23, 2015)
Example:
… in recent indigenous artworks (E. Timbery, Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, NSW, Australia,
personal communication, April 23, 2015).
Reference List:
Personal communication does not require a matching entry in the reference list.
105
Tips:
• If the author is not known,
use “Unrecorded” in place of the author.
8.04 Multiple Creators from the same
Country or Nation
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country,
Language group, Place of Nation/Country. Source. URL
In-text:
George and Cooper (2018)
(George & Cooper, 2018)
Example:
George and Cooper (2018) use colour to …
Reference List:
George, W., & Cooper, T. (2018). Piltati and Malara: A story of love and war [Painting].
APY Lands, South Australia. Hazelhurst Gallery, Gymea, NSW, Australia.
https://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Community/Hazelhurst/
Exhibitions/Weapons-For-The-Soldier
106
Tips:
• If there are multiple Indigenous creators
from different places, include the surname
of the relevant author in brackets after
their country/language information.
8.05 Multiple Creators from different
Countries or Nations
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country,
Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author A); Nation/
Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author B).
Source. URL
In-text:
Timbery and Jones (2015)
(Timbery & Jones, 2015)
Example:
Timbery and Jones (2015) is an example of …
Reference List:
Timbery, E., & Jones, J. (2015). Shell Wall [Installation]. Bidjigal/Eora, La Perouse,
NSW, Australia (Timbery); Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi, NSW, Australia (Jones).
Barangaroo Delivery Authority, Sydney, NSW, Australia. https://www.
barangaroo.com/the-project/arts-and-public-program/shell-wall-2015-byesme-timbery-and-jonathan-jones/
107
Tips:
• If the work is a collaboration between
Indigenous and non-Indigenous creators,
include the surname of the relevant
indigenous author(s) in brackets after their
country and language information.
8.06 Works by Indigenous & nonIndigenous Creators
Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country,
Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author A). Source. URL
In-text:
Jagamara and Tillers (2017)
(Jagamara & Tillers, 2017)
Example:
… can be seen in the artwork by Jagamara and Tillers (2017).
Reference List:
Jagamara, M. N., & Tillers, I. (2017). Metafisica Australe 2017 [Painting]. Warlpiri/
Luritja, Papunya region, Northern Territory, Australia (Jagamara). Queensland
Art Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA), Brisbane, Qld, Australia. https://blog.
qagoma.qld.gov.au/michael-nelson-jagamara-imants-tillers-metafisicaaustrale/
108
9. Why do we reference?
Referencing is an essential part of academic communication. It serves
several important purposes, by:
• Supporting claims, arguments, and assertions in your work.
• Showing evidence of reading and research.
• Giving credit to the authors of any material that you have referred to
in your work.
• Helping readers find the sources of information you have cited.
• Ensuring academic integrity and avoiding accusations of plagiarism.
The referencing style of the American Psychological Association, or
APA, is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed., 2019). For legal materials, it draws on the Australian
Guide to Legal Citation, or AGLC (4th ed., 2018).
109
10. Referencing your
own work
Previous student assignments should not be referenced, as they have not
been published and are therefore impossible for the reader to trace. If
you are referring to facts, quotes or data that you have used in a previous
assignment, you can simply reuse the appropriate references.
Of course, you are free to cite any of your own works that have been
published in an academically acceptable format such as a book, journal
article or conference paper. You should cite or quote from such works
exactly as if they were written by someone else.
110
11. Authors
The “author” in referencing refers to
the person(s) or group(s) responsible
for a work. It does not always mean
the literal author but may also refer
to people such as editors, directors,
producers, host, and so on.
111
11.01 One author
When there is only one author, you need to include the author’s surname
and the date of publication in your in-text citation.
In the corresponding entry in the reference list, you need to include the
author’s initials in addition to their surname.
For example:
In-Text:
Nielsen (2016)
(Nielsen, 2016)
Reference List:
Nielsen, E. (2016). Dear Researcher: Rethinking engagement with fan authors. Journal
of Fandom Studies, 4(3), 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1386/jfs.4.3.233_1
112
11.02 Two authors
For a work with two authors, include both author names in every citation.
When you are writing the authors’ names as part of your sentence, you
should connect their surnames with “and”. However, when you are
referencing them within brackets, the surnames should be joined by an
“&” sign. In the reference list, the authors’ surnames should always be
connected using an “&” sign.
For example:
In-Text:
Flegel and Roth (2014)
(Flegel & Roth, 2014)
Reference List:
Flegel, M., & Roth, J. (2014). Legitimacy, validity, and writing for free: Fan fiction, gender,
and the limits of (unpaid) creative labour. Journal of Popular Culture, 47(26),
1092-1108.
113
In such cases, you would keep more than just the first
author’s name. Instead, you should write out additional
authors’ names (in the order that they appear on the works
you are citing) until you are able to distinguish between the
cited works. In this example, these references would look
like:
Hughes, Miner, Waller, et al. (2014)
Hughes, Miner, and Robles (2014)
Because “et al.” is plural and means “and others”, it
cannot be used for only one name. If only the final author is
different, then you should write all the authors’ names.
When there are 21 or more authors, in the reference list you
should include the names of the first 19 authors, followed by
“…” and then the name of the final author.
11.03 Three or more authors
For a work that has three or more authors, include the name of the first
author then “et al.” in every citation, including the first citation. In the
reference list, all the author’s names must be listed up to 20 authors.
For example:
In-text:
Gursoy et al. (2018)
(Gursoy et al., 2018)
Reference List:
Gursoy, A., Wickett, K., & Feinberg, M. (2018). Understanding tag functions in a
moderated, user-generated metadata ecosystem. Journal of Documentation,
74(3), 490-508. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.uts.edu.au/10.1108/JD-09-2017-
0134
Sometimes, shortening references in this way may cause uncertainty in
in-text references, as can be seen in the following example:
Hughes, Miner, Waller, Chaplin, and Dobell (2014) = Hughes et al. (2014)
Hughes, Miner, and Robles (2014) = Hughes et al. (2014)
114
11.04 No author
If the author of the work is credited as “Anonymous”, you can use this
as the author name. If the author of an indigenous work is unknown, use
“Unrecorded” as the author name.
In instances where there is no author listed at all, you can move the title
of the source to the author position, both in the in-text reference and the
reference list.
If the title of the source is italicised in the reference list, then it should
also be in italics for the in-text reference. If it is not italicised, then
you should use double quotation marks around the title for the in-text
reference.
For example:
If the title is in italics:
(Interpersonal Skills, 2019)
If the title is not in italics:
(“Interpersonal Skills,” 2019)
Tips:
• Capitalise all major words in these titles,
even if they are not capitalised in the
original title. In the reference list entry
capitalise the titles normally.
115
Special names
• When authors’ names have suffixes such as Jr. or III, you
should separate then from the initials with a comma (for
example, Author, A., Jr., & Author, B., III).
• If an author has a single name (like Madonna) or an
inseparable multipart name (like Lady Gaga) provide
their full name in both the reference list and the in-text
citation. Do not abbreviate or invert it!
• In instances where the author only has one name, place
a full stop after it, for example, Plato. (2017).
• If there are two organizational authors do not place a
comma between their names.
11.05 General rules for author
names
Here are some general rules for handling author’s names in the reference
list:
Initials
• All individual author names forming the first part of the reference
should be inverted so their surname is first (for example, Author, A. A.).
• Use one space between initials.
• Use a comma to separate an author’s initials from any additional
names, even when there are only two authors (for example, Author, A.
A., & Author, B.).
Hyphenated names
• When given names are hyphenated, you should keep the hyphen and
include a full stop after each initial (for example, Ai-Jun Xu would be
written as Xu, A.-J.).
• When the second part of a hyphenated name is lower case, you
should treat it as a single name (for example, Lee-ann Raboso would
be written as Roboso, L.).
• Write the authors surname exactly as it appears in the published
work. This includes capitalisation, hyphenated surnames and two-part
surnames (for example, Santos-Garcia or Velasco Rodriguez).
116
For example:
In-text:
The American Psychological Association (APA, 2019)
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2019)
Subsequently:
APA (2019)
(APA, 2019)
Reference List:
American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
11.06 Abbreviating author names
If a reference has a group author or an organisational author, you can
abbreviate their name in your writing. Abbreviate the name if:
• There is a well-known abbreviation.
• The name is particularly long.
• You are going to refer to it by name at least three times in your paper.
As with other citations, you must write the full name of the author on the
first mention and can follow this with the abbreviation, which you are then
free to use in subsequent citations.
Names in the reference list should not be abbreviated.
In the unlikely event that two groups you are referring to abbreviate to
the same form, you must write out the group names in full every time you
mention them.
117
11.07 Multiple works by the same
author
If you have multiple sources by the same author (or authors) that have the
same publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year to help
differentiate these sources. You should start with the work whose title
appears first, alphabetically.
The lower case letters should be included for both in-text citations and
the reference list.
For example:
In-text:
(Collier & McManus, 2005a)
(Collier & McManus, 2005b)
Reference List:
Collier, K., & McManus, J. (2005a). Bridging the gap: The use of learning partnerships to
enhance workplace learning. Asia Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 6(2),
7-16.
Collier, K., & McManus, J. (2005b). Setting up learning partnerships in vocational
education and training: Lessons learnt. The Journal of Vocational Education and
Training, 57(3), 251-273.
118
11.08 Works by different authors
with the same surname
If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but
have different initials, include the authors’ initials in all in-text citations,
even if the year of publication is different.
For example:
In-text:
(A. McManus, 2019; J. McManus et al., 2007)
Reference List:
McManus, A. (2019, October 28-29). Tag! You’re it: The use of metadata in Fanfiction
[Paper Presentation]. Research Applications in Information and Library Studies,
Canberra, ACT, Australia.
McManus, J., Hansford, A., Hasseldine, J., & Walpole, M. (2007). VAT and GST: A
comparative review of tax audits. British Tax Review, 40(2), 87-95.
119
12. In-text citations
In the APA style, each work
referenced needs to have an in-text
citation as well as a corresponding
entry in the reference list (unless
otherwise indicated, such as in the
case of ).
Each in-text citation is placed into
the body of the text and identifies
a work by its author and the date of
publication; this information can then
be used to find the full reference in
the list at the end.
120
In parenthetical citations, the author’s name and the
publication date are included, usually at the end of
a sentence, within round brackets (also known as
parentheses).
For example:
Falsely balanced news coverage can lead to dangers such as distorting
the public’s perception of expert opinion on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
If there is more than one author in a parenthetical citation,
you should connect the author’s names with an “&”
(ampersand).
For example:
The Moon’s rotation with the Earth is synchronised, meaning the same
side of the Moon is always facing the Earth (Smith & Jones, 2016).
12.01 How to write in-text
citations
There are two types of in-text citations:
• Narrative citations—author names outside brackets, often placed at
the beginning of a sentence.
• Parenthetical citations—author names are inside the brackets, usually
placed at the end of a sentence.
In narrative citations, the author’s name and the date are incorporated
into the text as part of the sentence.
For example:
Koehler (2016) noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
OR
In 2016, Koehler noted the dangers of falsely balanced news coverage.
If there is more than one author in a narrative citation, connect the
authors’ names with an “and”.
For example:
Smith and Jones (2016) in their study of lunar conditions …
121
12.02 Citing multiple works at the
same time
When citing multiple works at the same time, you should use
parenthetical citations. Citations within the parentheses should be in
alphabetical order by first author and be separated by semi-colons. Do
not place an ampersand (“&”) in front of the final citation.
For example:
The Huns are some of the most famous, and successful, marauders in history (Black,
2017; Lupin, 2016; Potter, 2018).
If you wanted to highlight a work that is the most directly relevant to your
work/point, you can place that reference first and then write “see also”
after the first semi-colon before including the other references.
For example:
The Huns are amongst the most successful marauders in history (Potter, 2018; see also
Black, 2017; Lupin, 2016).
122
12.03 Using the same reference
multiple times in the same
paragraph
In general, you should include the author name and date in every intext citation. If a citation needs to be repeated, you should write out the
citation in full each time. However, if you are using a narrative citation to
the same work multiple times in one paragraph, you may leave out the
year in subsequent references within that paragraph.
For example:
As Goodman (2015, p. 666) states, fanfiction is “premised on multiplicity”, the very
point of fanfiction is to provide a divergence from the source text. Goodman also
notes that each of these deviations and changes must be carefully documented and
communicated to potential readers which is done through the metadata, often in the
form of tags. She goes on to state that this practice of fandom means that fans
naturally engage in self-regulated archival and taxonomic behaviours that would rival
the practice of any librarian.
Any time you use a parenthetical citation, you must without exception
include the author’s name and the year. See for an example
of this.
123
Although spiders are classified as arachnids, not all arachnids are
spiders (Skelton, 2017, Arachnids section).
The noted French author, Gerard de Nerval, was known to take his
pet lobster for walks in the Palais-Royal (Greenland, 2015, “French
Literature” section, para. 3).
When referring to a section of a recorded work, such as a
video or audio, you can use a timestamp.
For example:
… where the exquisite tonal quality of the violas can be clearly heard
(Bach, 2010, 50:17).
Some texts, like or , do not
use page numbers to refer to sections. Instead, you can use
canonically numbered parts, such as references to scenes,
verses or lines. See the pages on these reference types for
more detailed information.
12.04 Citing specifc parts of a
source
When you want to refer to a specific part of a source, you should include
a page number or reference to the part you are citing in your in-text
citation.
For example:
“Geese need no motivation beyond chaos” (Sher, 2019, p. 16).
OR
As stated by Sher (2019, p. 16), “geese need no motivation beyond chaos”.
OR
In 2019, Sher stated that “geese need no motivation beyond chaos” (p. 16).
For sources like webpages and websites that do not have page numbers,
you can refer to a section or paragraph to indicate where you found the
information you are citing.
For example:
… this, however, changes when Mercury is in retrograde (McAlpine, 2018, para. 2).
124
If the paraphrase incorporates multiple sources or switches
among sources, repeat the citation so the source is clear.
For example:
… exhaustion or reduced ability to empathize with others (Elwood et al.,
2011; Figley, 2002), disruption in personal relationships (Elwood et al.,
2011; Robinson-Keilig, 2014), decreased satisfaction with work (Elwood
et al., 2011).
12.05 Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is restating someone else’s idea in your own words.
Paraphrasing allows you to summarise information from one or more
sources, focus on important information, and to compare or contrast
relevant details. It is better to paraphrase sources than to constantly
quote them!
It is not always necessary to include a page (or paragraph) number when
paraphrasing. However, it is a good idea to include one where possible
(especially if paraphrasing from a long work such as a book) as it makes it
easier to find that source again later.
For Example:
Metadata also has uses in promoting your resources, making connections between
related resources and ensuring your resources reach the correct audience (Lubas et al.,
2013, p. 3).
Paraphrasing may go on for several sentences. If this is the case, you
should cite the work being paraphrased on the first mention. If you
are using the narrative format for your in-text referencing, the year of
publication can be left out on subsequent mentions. See
for an example of this.
125
12.06 Short quotations
A direct quotation copies word-for-word what is written in another work.
Where possible, it is better to paraphrase rather than directly quote as
this allows you to introduce information in the context of your paper and
in your writing style. It is best to use direct quotations for definitions or
when an author has expressed a point memorably or succinctly, or in
cases where you want to respond to their exact wording.
Short quotations are direct quotes that are less than 40 words. Short
quotations should be enclosed in double quotation marks and have an intext citation within the same sentence.
For example:
“Fanfiction communities use a variety of different methods to organize the content on
their sites” (Hill & Pecoskie, 2017, p. 850).
OR
As Hill and Pecoskie (2017, p. 850) state, “Fanfiction communities use a variety of
different methods to organize the content on their sites”.
126
12.07 Quotations of 40 words or
more
Block quotations are direct quotes that are 40 words or more. You do
not use quotation marks with block quotations. Instead, you should start
a block quotation on a new line and indent the whole paragraph from
the left margin. The accompanying in-text reference at the end of the
quotation should not have any punctuation after it.
For example:
These tags have major stylistic differences, as they are longer, more informal,
speak directly to a reader, and are not wrangled into browsable categories by
volunteers. Some of these tags reflect on the process of writing or tagging, and
some of them hint at what reading might be like. Some, however, comment on
things that are also included in story element or discourse element tags, like
characters, setting, or canonicity. (Gursoy et al., 2018, p. 502)
OR
As Gursoy et al. (2018, p. 502) discuss:
These tags have major stylistic differences, as they are longer, more informal,
speak directly to a reader, and are not wrangled into browsable categories by
volunteers. Some of these tags reflect on the process of writing or tagging, and
some of them hint at what reading might be like. Some, however, comment on
things that are also included in story element or discourse element tags, like
characters, setting, or canonicity.
127
If the quote is within a block quotation (more than 40
words), use double quotation marks around the quoted
material (even if in the original it is enclosed in single
quotation marks).
For example:
It is also worth condensing the need for subjective certainty:
If a conjecture is just mere guess, one would not expect the
same bias to occur, because it might likely come along with
the metacognition of “I know I am/was just guessing” which
would interact retrospectively increased perceptions of
foreseeability. (von der Beck & Cress, 2018, p. 97)
12.08 Quote from a work citing
another author
If the resource you are using includes a direct quote from someone else
that you would like to include in your work, the best thing to do is to look
up the original paper and quote directly from the original source.
If for some reason this is not possible, you can cite the quotation through
the secondary source. When doing this it may be necessary to change
double quotation marks to single quotation marks or vice versa!
For short quotations (less than 40 words), use single quotation marks
within the double quotation marks to indicate what is being quoted in
the original work (even if in the original it is enclosed in double quotation
marks).
For example:
As J. Z. Smith has noted, “It is the study of religion that invented ‘religion’” (Alderton,
2014, p. 222).
OR
“It is the study of religion that invented ‘religion’“ (Smith, as cited in Alderton, 2014, p.
222).
128
13. Reference list
129
13.01 Example reference list
Here is an example of a reference list.
References
Campbell, K. (2019, October 28-29). An information behaviours view of first
in family students before and during university [Paper Presentation].
Research Applications in Information and Library Studies, Canberra, ACT,
Australia.
Collier, K., & McManus, J. (2005a). Bridging the gap: The use of learning
partnerships to enhance workplace learning. Asia Pacific Journal of
Cooperative Education, 6(2), 7-16.
Collier, K., & McManus, J. (2005b). Setting up learning partnerships in
vocational education and training: Lessons learnt. The Journal
of Vocational Education and Training, 57(3), 251-273. https://doi.
org/10.1080/13636820500200286
Furnham, A. (1990). Work and leisure satisfaction. In M. Strack (Ed.), Subjective
well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective, (pp. 235-260). Pergamon
Press.
Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya refugees could be at serious
risk during Bangladesh’s monsoon season. My fellow UNHCR Goodwill
Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [image attached] [Status Update].
Facebook. http://bit.ly/2JQzPAD
Maximum Linux security: A hacker’s guide to protecting your Linux server and
workstation. (1999). Sams.
McCulloch, D., & Thorne, J. (Executive producers). (2019-present). His dark
materials [TV Series]. Bad Wolf; British Broadcasting Company (BBC);
New Line Cinema; Scholastic.
130
13.02 Reference list formatting &
rules
Your reference list should be formatted as seen above. Here are a few
important points:
• You should start the reference list on a new page after the text, but
before any images, figures, tables or appendices.
• The reference list should be labelled “References”. This title should be
bolded and centred.
• The reference list should be listed in alphabetical order by surname of
first author, or by title if there is no author. To do this in Microsoft Word,
highlight the reference list then select the sort icon from the Home
toolbar. In the pop-up, confirm that ”Ascending” is selected, then
press ”OK”.
• There should be a half inch (1.27 cm) hanging indent. You can make
a hanging indent by highlighting your reference list and using the
following shortcuts:
Mac: CMD + t PC: CTRL + t
• Alternatively, to edit all references at once, highlight the list, rightclick and select “Paragraph …”. In the pop-up box under “Special”
select “Hanging”.
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14. Online rules
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14.01 URLs & DOIs
When referencing online sources, a DOI is preferable to a URL. A DOI
(which stands for “digital object identifier”) is a string of numbers, letters
and symbols that are used to permanently identify a digital document
and link to it on the web.
For example, DOIs should be recorded in the following format:
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-0000
See for an example that uses a URL in place of
a DOI.
To find missing DOIs, copy and paste your complete APA reference list
into https://search.crossref.org/references.
Insert a blank line after each reference for the best results.
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14.02 Screennames & usernames
Sources such as blog posts and social media will often be published
under a screen name or username. This screenname should be included
in the reference. If no other name is given (or known) you would use this
screenname as the author’s name. However, if the individual’s real name
is known, you should use this as the author name in the reference and
then include their screenname in square brackets directly after.
When the “@” symbol is part of a username, this too should be included.
For example, see this reference to an Instagram post by actor Sebastian
Stan:
In-text:
(Stan, 2019)
Reference List:
Stan, S. [@imsebastianstan]. (2019, July 15). It’s Monday. @355movie #355movie
#nocarbs [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/Bz7kyN3FKpl/
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14.03 Emojis
Some references may contain nonstandard spelling, capitalisation,
hashtags, links or even emojis. These need to be replicated in your
reference. If there is an emoji in something you are referencing, you
should replicate it. If this is not possible, you should provide the emoji’s
name in square brackets.
For example
 would be “[slightly smiling face]”
The full list of emoji names can be found on the Unicode Consortium’s
website (http://unicode.org/emoji/charts/index.html). Emojis count as
one word each in your document’s word count.
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