Comparison of Exposures to Airborne Nanoparticles
in CBD, Residential and Industrial Areas
Prepared by Ye Hein Set Supervised by Dr. Kavitha Palaniappan
Project Aims and Objectives
Aims
➢ To find out nanoparticle count in large cities
➢ To compare the results of particle number concentration
Objectives
• To examine the nanoparticle count in CBD, industrial and residential areas
Methodology
• Refer sources from:
i. UON library
ii. Google scholar
iii. Academic journals
iv. Articles
Key words: nanoparticles, particle number concentration, particle size matter
What is Airborne Nanoparticle?
• Produced by natural sources
1) Dust Storms
2) Forest Fires
3) Volcano ashes
Airborne Nanoparticles
Source: Ding and Riediker, 20151
Particles released by industry
Source: https://augustafreepress.com/virginia-techresearchers-discover-harmful-airborne-nanoparticles-coal/
• Manufactured by man-made processes
1) Exhaust from vehicles
2) Industries
3) Human activities
Classification of nanoparticles2
1. Dimensionality 2. Morphology 3. Composition 4. Uniformity and
Agglomeration state
1D 2D
3D
High-aspect
ratio
Low-aspect
ratio
Single
Composites
❖ Dispersed
❖ Agglomerates
IMPORTANCE
AND USE OF
NANOPARTICLES
• Industry zones
• Commercial
• Domestic
• Medical Areas
Applications of nanoparticles in various fields
Source: Khan et al., 20143
Good Example:
Used as lining in chips
(computer, GPS)
Health Effects of nanoparticles
Illustration of possible routes of nanoparticles
Source: https://https:/www.omicsonline.org
Three main passages to human body4
➢ Breathing system
➢ Dermal Contact
➢ Injection
Effects of primary organ4
❑ Lung (via inhalation)
❑ Skin (via dermal)
❑ Blood circulation (via consumption)

Source:
Exhaust from vehicles https://www.flickr.com/photos/formulagpguys/248949123

Field 2: Industrial Area
Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jurong_
Port_panorama,_Singapore_-_20100311.jpg

Industrial activities etc. welding

Field 3: Residential Area
Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Singapore_
Bishan_Park.jpeg

Human daily activities etc. Laundry, Cooking
Comparison of particle count
❑ Research information on particle count and distribution
❑ Construct charts to compare the result
❑ Compare particle number concentration of world cities
❑ based on CBD, Industrial and Residential area
Factors that affect distribution of particles5
➢ Condensation
➢ Evaporation
➢ Dilution
Major Minor
➢ Coagulation
➢ Deposition
Particle count in different countries 6,7,8,9
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
Particle count (cm-3)
Countries
Particle Number Concentration in different countries
Distance 30 m Distance 60 m
Comparison in CBD ( Urban Environment)
Particle count in different countries 10
Comparison in Industrial Zone

26000
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
USA England Australia China Singapore
Particle Number Concentration (cm-3)
Countries
Industrial Zones Particle Count in different countries
TiO2 nanoparticles ZnO nanoparticles Others
Particle count in different countries11
Comparison in Residential Area
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
USA Sweden China Australia
PARTICLE NUMBER CONCENTRATION (CM-3)
COUNTRIES
Residential Area Particle Count in different countries
Silver Nanoparticles (Ag) Aluminium Nanoparticles (Al) Copper Nanoparticles (Cu) Others
Particle sizes measured in different countries6,7,8
Particle sizes comparison
220
697
7
800 800
700
800
300
700
6
15
3 3
10
12
10
10 10
8 6 4 2 0
10
12
14
16
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
USA Australia England Germany Finland China Macao Sweden Singapore
Lowest range particle size (nm)
Highest range particle size (nm)
Countries
Different Particle Sizes Measured
Highest Range
Lowest Range

Results
• USA (most particle count country throughout the world)
• Residential < The Rest areas (particle concentration)
Thoughts
• Harmful to the environment and living things
• Need proper research for particle count
• Take precautionary steps
References:
1. Ding, Y., & Riediker, M. (2015). A system to assess the stability of airborne nanoparticle agglomerates under
aerodynamic shear. Journal of Aerosol Science, 88, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.06.001
2. Buzea, C., Pacheco, I. I., & Robbie, K. (2007). Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: Sources and toxicity.
Biointerphases, 2(4), MR17–MR71. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2815690
3. Khan, R., Ahmad, E., Zaman, M., Qadeer, A., & Rabbani, G. (2014). Nanoparticles in relation to peptide and
protein aggregation. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 899. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S54171
4. Handy, R. D., & Shaw, B. J. (2007). Toxic effects of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: Implications for public
health, risk assessment and the public perception of nanotechnology. Health, Risk & Society, 9(2), 125–144.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13698570701306807
5. Zhang, K. M., Wexler, A. S., Zhu, Y. F., Hinds, W. C., & Sioutas, C. (2004). Evolution of particle number
distribution near roadways. Part II: the ‘Road-to-Ambient’ process. Atmospheric Environment, 38(38), 6655–
6665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.044
References:
6. Zhu, Y., Hinds, W. C., Kim, S., & Sioutas, C. (2002). Concentration and Size Distribution of
Ultrafine Particles Near a Major Highway. Journal of the Air & Waste Management
Association, 52(9), 1032–1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2002.10470842
7. Hitchins, J., Morawska, L., Wolff, R., & Gilbert, D. (2000). Concentrations of submicrometre
particles from vehicle emissions near a major road. Atmospheric Environment, 34(1), 51–59.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00304-0
8. Harrison, R. M. (n.d.). Airborne Nanoparticles: Risks and Challenges, 35.
9. Harrison, R. M., Jones, A. M., Beddows, D. C. S., Dall’Osto, M., & Nikolova, I. (2016).
Evaporation of traffic-generated nanoparticles during advection from source. Atmospheric
Environment, 125, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.077
10. van Ravenzwaay, B., Landsiedel, R., Fabian, E., Burkhardt, S., Strauss, V., & Ma-Hock, L.
(2009). Comparing fate and effects of three particles of different surface properties: NanoTiO2, pigmentary TiO2 and quartz. Toxicology Letters, 186(3), 152–159.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.11.020
11. Isaxon, C., Gudmundsson, A., Nordin, E. Z., Lönnblad, L., Dahl, A., Wieslander, G., …
Wierzbicka, A. (2015). Contribution of indoor-generated particles to residential exposure.
Atmospheric Environment, 106, 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.053
THANK YOU